F

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

or

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022

or

or

For the transition period from       to     .

Commission file number: 001-41208

NOVONIX LIMITED

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter

NOVONIX LIMITED

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Australia

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

NOVONIX LIMITED

Level 8

46 Edward Street

Brisbane QLD 4000

Australia

(Address of principal executive offices)

NOVONIX Limited

Level 8

46 Edward Street

Brisbane QLD 4000

Australia

(P) +61 439 310 818

Attn: Suzanne Yeates, Company Secretary

suzie@novonixgroup.com

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: 485,951,369 Ordinary Shares

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or (15)(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes  ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “accelerated filer,” “large accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17  ☐ Item 18  ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  ☐ No  ☒

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes  ☐ No  ☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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INTRODUCTION AND USE OF CERTAIN TERMS

We were incorporated under the laws of Australia in 2012 under the name Graphitecorp Pty Limited. In 2015, we completed an initial public offering of our ordinary shares and the listing of our ordinary shares on the Australian Securities Exchange, or the ASX, and changed our name to GRAPHITECORP Limited. In 2017, we changed our name to NOVONIX Limited. On February 1, 2022, our American Depositary Receipts ("ADRs"), evidencing American Depositary Shares, each representing four ordinary shares of NOVONIX Limited, commenced trading on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol "NVX". The Bank of New York Mellon is acting as the depositary, custodian and registrar for the Level II ADR program.

We have prepared this annual report using a number of conventions, which you should consider when reading the information contained herein. In this annual report, “NOVONIX,” the “Company,” the “Group”, “our company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to NOVONIX Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries, taken as a whole. Additionally, this annual report uses the following conventions:

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report contains forward-looking statements about us and our industry that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this annual report, including statements regarding our future results of operations, financial condition, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “target,” “will,” or “would,” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions.

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of known and unknown risks, uncertainties, other factors and assumptions, including the risks described in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report, regarding, among other things:

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These risks are not exhaustive. Other sections of this annual report may include additional factors that could harm our business and financial performance. New risk factors may emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in, or implied by, any forward-looking statements.

You should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this annual report primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition and operating results. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this annual report to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this annual report or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based on information available to us as of the date of this annual report. While we believe that information provides a reasonable basis for these statements, that information may be limited or incomplete. Our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain, and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely on these statements.

You should read this annual report and the documents that we reference in this annual report and have filed as exhibits to the annual report of which this annual report is a part with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and achievements may be different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

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PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

Not Applicable.

Not Applicable.

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that you should consider before investing in our securities. These risks are described more fully below and include, but are not limited to, risks relating to the following:

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Risks Related to Our Business

The energy storage market continues to evolve and is highly competitive, and we may not be successful in competing in this industry or establishing and maintaining confidence in our long-term business prospects among current and future partners and customers.

The energy storage market in which we compete continues to evolve and is highly competitive. Certain energy storage technologies, such as lithium-ion battery technology have been widely adopted and our current competitors, and future competitors may, have greater resources than we do and may also be able to devote greater resources to the development of their current and future technologies. These competitors also may have greater access to customers and may be able to establish cooperative or strategic relationships among themselves or with third parties that may further enhance their resources and competitive positioning. In addition, lithium-ion battery manufacturers may continue to reduce cost and expand supply of conventional batteries and therefore negatively impact the ability for us to sell our materials, equipment and services at market-competitive prices and yet at sufficient margins.

Automotive original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) are researching and investing in energy storage development and production. We expect competition in energy storage technology and EVs to intensify due to increased demand for these vehicles and a regulatory push for EVs, continuing globalization, and consolidation in the worldwide automotive industry. Developments in alternative technologies or improvements in energy storage technology made by competitors may materially adversely affect the sales, pricing and gross margins of our business. If a competing technology is developed that has superior operational or price performance, our business will be harmed. Similarly, if we fail to accurately predict and ensure that our technology can address customers’ changing needs or emerging technological trends, or if our customers fail to achieve the benefits expected from our materials, equipment and services, our business will be harmed.

We must continue to commit significant resources to develop our technologies in order to establish a competitive position, and these commitments will be made without knowing whether such investments will result in materials, equipment and services potential customers will accept. There is no assurance we will successfully identify new customer requirements, develop and bring our materials, equipment and services to market on a timely basis, or that products and technologies developed by others will not render our materials, equipment and services obsolete or noncompetitive, any of which would adversely affect our business and operating results.

Customers will be less likely to purchase our materials, equipment and services if they are not convinced that our business will succeed in the long term. Similarly, suppliers and other third parties will be less likely to invest time and resources in developing business relationships with us if they are not convinced that our business will succeed in the long term. Accordingly, in order to build and maintain our business, we must maintain confidence among current and future partners, customers, suppliers, analysts, ratings agencies and other parties in our long-term financial viability and business prospects. Maintaining such confidence may be particularly complicated by certain factors including those that are largely outside of our control, such as our limited operating history, size and financial resources relative to our competitors, market unfamiliarity with our materials, equipment and services, any delays in scaling manufacturing, delivery and service operations to meet demand, competition and uncertainty regarding the future of energy storage technologies and our eventual production and sales performance compared with market expectations.

We have a history of financial losses and expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses in the near future.

We incurred net losses of $71.4 million, $18.1 million and $20.0 million for the years ended June 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively, and net operating cash outflows of $40.4 million, $8.2 million and $5.6 million for the years ended June 30, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. At June 30, 2022 and 2021, we had a cash balance of $207.1 million and $136.7 million, respectively, and net current assets of $223.9 million and $138.7 million, respectively.

We expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we continue to acquire additional real property and purchase additional production equipment associated with the manufacture of synthetic

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graphite. For example, on July 28, 2021, the Group purchased commercial land and buildings in Chattanooga, USA for USD $42,600,000 to expand the NAM business. The Group entered into a loan facility with PNC Real Estate for USD$30,100,000 and an interest rate of 4.09% to purchase the land and buildings. The loan has been fully drawn down as at June 30, 2022. The total liability at June 30, 2022 is USD $29,467,266 as of the date of Annual Report on Form 20-F. In addition, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to sales, marketing, and distribution to the extent that such sales, marketing and distribution are not the responsibility of any future customers. Further, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company in the United States. We may find that these efforts are more expensive than we currently anticipate or that these efforts may not result in revenues, which would further increase our losses, impact our ability to repay our debt and require future capital raises to maintain the business. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. There can be no assurance that such financing would be available to us on favorable terms or at all. These conditions give rise to substantial doubt over our ability to continue as a going concern. If we were not able to continue as a going concern, or if there were continued doubt about our ability to do so, the value of your investment would be materially and adversely affected.

Our future growth and success will depend on our ability to sell effectively to large customers.

Our current and potential customers are primarily battery manufacturers and automotive OEMs that tend to be large enterprises. Therefore, our future success will depend on our ability to effectively sell our materials, equipment and services to such large customers. Sales to these customers involve risks that may not be present (or that are present to a lesser extent) with sales to smaller customers. These risks include, but are not limited to, (i) increased purchasing power, pricing power, and leverage held by large customers in negotiating contractual arrangements with us, (ii) higher minimum volume requirements that we may be unable to meet and (iii) longer sales cycles and the associated risk that substantial time and resources may be spent on a potential customer that elects not to purchase our materials, equipment or services.

Large organizations often undertake a significant evaluation process that results in a lengthy sales cycle. In addition, purchases by large organizations are frequently subject to budget constraints, multiple approvals and unanticipated administrative, processing and other delays. Finally, large organizations typically have longer implementation cycles, require greater product functionality and scalability, require a broader range of services, demand that vendors take on a larger share of risks, require acceptance provisions that can lead to a delay in revenue recognition and expect greater payment flexibility. All of these factors can add further risk to business conducted with these potential customers.

We depend, and expect to continue to depend, on a limited number of customers for a significant percentage of our revenue.

Our Battery Technology Solutions ("BTS") business is currently our only business that is generating revenue, and BTS has generated most of its revenue from a limited number of customers. For example, sales to our top five BTS customers accounted for 58% and 57% of our total revenue for the year ended June 30, 2022, and the year ended June 30, 2021, respectively. Although our NOVONIX Anode Materials business is not yet generating revenue, our plans to scale the business are dependent upon our collaborations with Samsung SDI, SANYO Electric (a Panasonic company) (“SANYO Electric”) and KORE Power, Inc. (“KORE Power”) resulting in sales of our anode materials to those parties. Because we rely, and will continue to rely, on a limited number of customers for significant percentages of our revenue, a decrease in demand or significant pricing pressure from any of our major customers for any reason could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, a number of factors outside our control could cause the loss of, or reduction in, business or revenues from any customer, and these factors are not predictable. These factors include, among others, pricing pressure from competitors, a change in a customer’s business strategy or financial condition, or change in market conditions. Our customers may also choose to pursue alternative technologies and develop alternative products in addition to, or in lieu of, our materials and equipment, either on their own or in collaboration with others, including our competitors. The loss of any major customer or key project, or a significant decrease in the volume of customer demand or the price at which

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we sell our materials and equipment to customers, could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may not be able to engage target customers successfully and to convert such contacts into meaningful orders in the future.

Our success, and our ability to increase revenue and operate profitably, depends in part on our ability to identify target customers and convert such contacts into meaningful orders or expand on current customer relationships. In addition to new customers, our future success depends on whether our current customers are willing to continue using our materials and equipment as well as whether their product lines continue to incorporate our materials and equipment.

For example, although our NOVONIX Anode Materials business has signed separate non-binding memoranda of understanding with two of the world’s leading electric vehicle ("EV") battery manufacturers, Samsung SDI and SANYO Electric, these memoranda are non-binding, do not guarantee long-term agreements will be entered into. The satisfaction of quality standards and milestones of delivering mass production volume samples will be required for final qualification with battery manufacturers. There is no assurance that these conditions will ultimately be satisfied. However, if future production requirements, or similar production requirements with other potential customers, are not met, or the materials produced are not of acceptable quality, we may lose these customers and lose credibility with other domestic and international battery manufacturers and automotive OEMs, any of which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our R&D efforts strive to create materials and equipment that are on the cutting edge of technology, but competition in our industry is high. To secure acceptance of our materials and equipment, we must constantly develop and introduce materials and equipment that are cost-effective and with enhanced functionality and performance to meet evolving industry standards. If we are unable to meet our customers’ performance or volume requirements or industry specifications, or retain or convert target customers, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

We have a concentration of ownership among Phillips 66 and our executive officers, non-executive directors and their affiliates that may prevent new investors from influencing significant corporate decisions.

In September 2021, we consummated a transaction with Phillips 66 pursuant to which Phillips 66 purchased 77,962,578 ordinary shares of NOVONIX for a total purchase price of US$150 million (the “Phillips 66 Transaction”).

As a result of the Phillips 66 Transaction, Phillips 66 beneficially owns approximately 16.0% of our ordinary shares (based on the number of our outstanding shares as of June 30, 2022), and, as of June 30, 2022, our executive officers, non-executive directors and their affiliates beneficially owned approximately 4% as a group. Based on their beneficial ownership, such security holders will be able to exercise a significant level of influence over all matters requiring shareholder approval. This influence could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of influence or changes in our management and will make the approval of certain transactions difficult or impossible without the support of these shareholders and their votes. In addition, pursuant to the terms of the Phillips 66 Transaction, Phillips 66 has the right to nominate one director to our Board of Directors and certain rights to be notified of, and participate in, issuances of shares by the Company (other than distributions of shares to the Company’s shareholders on a pro rata basis). The interests of Phillips 66 and these shareholders may differ from our interests or those of our other shareholders, and these shareholders might not exercise their voting power in a manner favorable to our other shareholders.

Our commercial relationships are subject to various risks which could adversely affect our business and future prospects.

Many of our commercial relationships are conditional, subject to supply performance, market conditions, quality assurance processes and audits of supplier processes fulfillments. There can be no assurance that we will be able to satisfy

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the conditions set forth by any of our current or future business partners. If we are unsuccessful in meeting the demand for high-quality materials and equipment, our business and prospects will be materially adversely affected.

In addition, our business partners may have economic, business or legal interests or goals that are inconsistent with our goals. Any disagreements with our business partners may impede our ability to maximize the benefits of any partnerships and slow the commercialization of materials and equipment. Our arrangements may require us, among other things, to pay certain costs or to make certain capital investments, for which we may not have the resources. In addition, if our business partners are unable or unwilling to meet their economic or other obligations under any business arrangements, our business and prospects will be materially adversely affected.

Termination of our sponsorship and collaborative research agreements with Dalhousie University to support the development of current and future technology would likely harm our business, and even if they continue, they may not help us successfully develop any new intellectual property.

In October 2018, we entered into a five-year sponsorship agreement with the Research Group of Dr. Mark Obrovac at Dalhousie University (“Dalhousie”) to develop new battery technologies. In February 2021, we also entered into a collaborative research agreement with Dalhousie, which also has a five-year term. However, the agreement may be terminated at will by either party upon 90 days’ notice, subject to certain conditions. If Dalhousie elects to terminate either of these agreements with us, our ability to continue to develop our technologies could be adversely impacted.

In addition, as of the date of this annual report, most of our patents and patent applications have been developed, or include technology developed through our collaboration with Dalhousie. Although this collaboration has been historically successful in new intellectual property generation, there can be no assurance that it will be successful in future efforts to develop any new intellectual property. Moreover, while we have the first right to file patent applications based on intellectual property generated under our agreements with Dalhousie, and we would be the sole owner of any such patent and the intellectual property incorporated therein, there can be no guarantee that any such commercialization will be successful. Disputes may arise between us and the other parties to these and related agreements regarding intellectual property subject to the sponsorship or other matters, including with respect to: the scope of rights granted under, and ownership of the intellectual property resulting from, the agreements and other interpretation-related issues; the amount and timing of payments; the rights and obligations of the parties under the agreements; and the ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by each of the parties.

Any disputes with Dalhousie may prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current sponsorship and collaboration arrangements. We benefit from the intellectual property development assistance from Dalhousie to develop, manufacture, expand, and accelerate our materials and technology. We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to comply with the terms of these agreements. Termination of the sponsorship of, and collaboration with, Dr. Obrovac’s Research Group at Dalhousie could result in the loss of important rights and would likely harm our ability to further develop our technology.

We face significant challenges in our attempt to develop our anode and cathode materials and produce them at high volumes with acceptable performance, yields and costs. The pace of development in materials science is often not predictable. We may encounter substantial delays or operational problems in the scale-up of our anode or cathode materials production.

Developing anode and cathode materials that meet the requirements for wide adoption by our potential customers is a difficult undertaking. We are still in the development stage for certain of our materials and face significant challenges in producing our materials in commercial volumes. Some of the development challenges that could prevent our ability to scale up production of our materials include changes in product performance from small to large scale production, challenges in deployment of mass production equipment, and inability to produce materials cost effectively at large volumes. If we are unable to cost efficiently design, manufacture, market, sell and distribute our materials and equipment, our margins, profitability and prospects would be materially and adversely affected. We have only recently produced

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materials with our Generation 3 furnace systems and we have yet to produce cathode materials beyond lab and small pilot volumes. Our forecasted cost advantage for the production of these materials at scale will require us to achieve rates of yield that we have not yet achieved. If we are unable to achieve these targeted rates, our business will be adversely impacted.

Any delay in the manufacturing scale-up of our anode materials or the progression of our cathode materials from lab to commercial scale manufacturing would negatively impact our business as it will delay revenue generation and negatively impact our customer relationships.

We currently have plans to increase our Chattanooga facility’s target capacity of anode materials utilizing new proprietary furnace technology developed in collaboration with Harper International Corporation ("Harper"). In April 2021, we installed the first Generation 2 furnace developed through this collaboration and have produced materials in that Generation 2 system for internal testing and to support customer qualification requirements. We recently installed the first two Generation 3 furnace systems at our Riverside facility and are proceeding with commissioning those systems to meet our production targets. Our ability to produce at increased capacity is largely dependent upon Harper manufacturing and supplying, and our successful implementation of, Generation 3 furnace systems, as well as an increase in staffing focused on plant design and engineering. The targeted production capacity scale of our anode materials to 10,000 tonnes per year in 2023, and our plan to expand our annual production capacity to 40,000 tonnes in 2025 and 150,000 tonnes in 2030, are also contingent on the successful satisfaction of a number of other factors, some of which are beyond our control. These factors include, among others, our ability to obtain funding on attractive terms to enable further expansion of our current production facilities and our requirement to expand our production capacity through acquisitions, joint ventures or other inorganic means. Acquisitions, if pursued, involve many risks, any of which could materially harm our business, including the diversion of management’s attention from core business concerns, failure to effectively exploit acquired technologies, failure to successfully integrate the acquired business or realize expected synergies or the loss of key employees from either our business or the acquired businesses. If we are unable to execute on those expansion efforts for any reason, we may experience a delay in the manufacturing scale-up or the scale-up may not occur at all, which would result in the loss of customers and materially damage our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and brand.

The progression of our cathode materials from lab to commercial scale manufacturing is contingent upon the success of our Dry Particle Microgranulation (“DPMG”) technology and single crystal cathode methodology and expansion of our production scale. If production of cathode materials using this methodology, either on pilot or commercial scale, is not successful, our business, prospects, financial condition, operating results and brand may be materially adversely affected.

Operational problems with our manufacturing and related equipment could also result in the personal injury or death of workers, safety or environmental incidents, the loss of production equipment, damage to manufacturing facilities, monetary losses, delays and unanticipated fluctuations in production. In addition, operational problems may result in environmental damage, administrative fines, increased insurance costs and potential legal liabilities. All of these operational problems could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition or prospects.

Our investments in other companies are inherently risky and could disrupt our ongoing businesses. During 2022 we invested in Kore Power, a US based developer of battery cell technology for the clean energy industry. Changes to the valuation of this investee have, and may continue, to impact our financial results. Should the fair value of any of these investments continue to decrease, our financial results will be adversely affected. Moreover, general operational risks, such as inadequate or failing internal control of companies we invest in, may also expose our investments to risks.

From time to time we may enter into negotiations for acquisitions, partnerships, joint ventures or investments that are not ultimately consummated or, if consummated, may not be successful.

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From time to time we may consider acquisitions, partnerships, joint ventures or investments that we believe may allow us to implement our growth strategy. For example, in January 2022, we entered into definitive supply and investment agreements with KORE Power to become the exclusive supplier of graphite anode materials in support of KORE Power’s battery manufacturing operations in the U.S. and acquired an approximate 5% equity stake in KORE Power. Notwithstanding the successful completion of this transaction, there can be no assurance that we will realize the intended benefits of this relationship.

We cannot forecast the number, timing or size of any future acquisitions or other similar strategic transactions, or the effect that any such transactions might have on our operating or financial results. We may not be able to successfully identify future acquisition or investment opportunities or complete any such acquisitions or investments if we cannot reach agreement on commercially favorable terms, if we lack sufficient resources to finance the transaction on our own and cannot obtain financing at a reasonable cost or if regulatory authorities prevent such transactions from being completed. Management resources may also be diverted from operating our existing businesses to focusing on acquisition and investment opportunities, and we may also incur substantial out-of-pocket costs. Moreover, any such transaction may not be viewed favorably by investors or other stakeholders.

We may not be able to accurately estimate the future supply and demand for our materials and equipment, which could result in a variety of inefficiencies in our business and hinder our ability to generate revenue. If we fail to accurately predict our manufacturing requirements or prices of components increase, we could incur additional costs or experience delays.

It is difficult to predict our future revenues and appropriately budget for our expenses, and our views as to industry trends that may emerge may prove false, which could affect our business. Currently, there is limited historical basis for making judgments on the demand for our materials or equipment, or our ability to develop, manufacture, and deliver our materials or equipment, or our profitability in the future. If we overestimate our requirements, our suppliers may have excess inventory, which indirectly would increase our costs. If we underestimate our requirements, our suppliers may have inadequate inventory, which could interrupt manufacturing of our materials or equipment and result in delays in shipments and revenues. In addition, lead times for materials that our suppliers order may vary significantly and depend on factors such as the specific supplier, contract terms and demand for each material at a given time. If we fail to order sufficient quantities of materials in a timely manner, the delivery of materials or equipment to our potential customers could be delayed, which would harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

Additionally, agreements for the purchase of certain components used in the manufacture of our materials and equipment may contain pricing provisions that are subject to adjustment based on changes in market prices of key components. Substantial increases in the prices for such components would increase our operating costs and could reduce our margins if we cannot recoup the increased costs. Any attempts to increase the announced or expected prices of our materials and equipment in response to increased costs of components could be viewed negatively by our potential customers and could adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition or operating results.

We may not be able to establish supply relationships for necessary components or may be required to pay costs for components that are more expensive than anticipated, which could delay the introduction of our equipment and negatively impact our business.

As we expand our anode materials manufacturing capabilities, we will begin to rely on third-party suppliers for components and materials. Any disruption or delay in the supply of components or materials by our key third-party suppliers or pricing volatility of such components or materials could temporarily disrupt production of our anode materials until an alternative supplier is able to supply the required material. In such circumstances, we may experience prolonged delays, which may materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We may not be able to control fluctuation in the prices for these materials or negotiate agreements with suppliers on terms that are beneficial to us. Our business depends on the continued supply of certain proprietary materials for our

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materials and equipment. We are exposed to multiple risks relating to the availability and pricing of such materials and components. Substantial increases in the prices for our raw materials or components would increase our operating costs and materially impact our financial condition.

Currency fluctuations, trade barriers, extreme weather, pandemics, tariffs or shortages and other general economic or political conditions may limit our ability to obtain key components for our battery cell testing equipment or significantly increase freight charges, raw material costs and other expenses associated with our business, which could further materially and adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

If we are unable to attract and retain key employees and qualified personnel, our ability to compete could be harmed.

Our success depends on our ability to attract and retain our executive officers, key employees and other qualified personnel, and our operations may be severely disrupted if we lost their services. As we build our brand and become better known, there is increased risk that competitors or other companies will seek to hire our personnel. The failure to attract, integrate, train, motivate and retain such key personnel could seriously harm our business and prospects.

In addition, we are highly dependent on the services of Dr. Chris Burns, our Chief Executive Officer, and other senior technical and management personnel, including our executive officers, who would be difficult to replace. If Dr. Burns or other key personnel were to depart, we may not be able to successfully attract and retain senior leadership necessary to grow our business. We do not currently maintain “key person” life insurance on the lives of our executives or any of our employees. This lack of insurance means that we may not receive adequate compensation for the loss of the services of these individuals.

Labor shortages, turnover, and labor cost increases could adversely impact our ability to scale-up manufacturing of our anode and cathode materials.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in aggressive competition for talent, wage inflation and pressure to improve benefits and workplace conditions to remain competitive. Challenging conditions due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the highly competitive wage pressure resulting from the labor shortage make it difficult to attract and retain the best talent.

A sustained labor shortage or increased turnover rates within our employee base, caused by COVID-19 or as a result of general macroeconomic factors, could lead to increased costs, such as increased overtime or financial incentives to meet demand and increased wage rates to attract and retain employees, and could negatively affect our ability to scale-up manufacturing for our anode and cathode materials.

We may need to obtain funding from time to time to finance our growth and operations, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate certain operations, and we may be unable to adequately control our costs.

We require significant capital to develop and grow our business and expect to incur significant expenses, including those relating to research and development, leases, regulatory compliance, sales and distribution as we build our brand and market our materials, equipment and services, and general and administrative costs as we scale our operations. Our ability to become profitable in the future will depend on our ability not only to successfully market our materials, equipment and services, but also to control our costs, and may require us to obtain additional funding.

Among other activities that may increase our costs, we anticipate that we will need to increase our product development, scientific and administrative headcount. In particular, we will require additional key staff for development as well as additional key financial and administrative personnel. Such an evolution may impact our strategic focus and our deployment and allocation of resources.

Our ability to manage our operations and growth effectively depends upon the continual improvement of our procedures, reporting systems and operational, financial and management controls. We may not be able to implement administrative

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and operational improvements cost-effectively or timely, and we may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls, the remediation of which might also increase our costs. If we do not meet these challenges, we may be unable to execute our business strategies and may be forced to expend more resources than anticipated addressing these issues.

While not currently part of our growth strategy, we may acquire additional technology and complementary businesses in the future. If we are unable to successfully manage our growth and the increased complexity of our operations, and to obtain and appropriately allocate and deploy resources, our business, financial position, results of operations and prospects may be harmed.

As of June 30, 2022, we had A$207,083,935 (US$142,624,919) in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. The Company plans to reach synthetic graphite production capacities of 10,000 tpa by 2023, with further targets of 40,000 tpa by 2025 and 150,000 tpa by 2030. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will help support capacity expansion towards 10,000 tpa, which is expected to be completed in 2023. However, we may need to raise additional capital to further expand the production scale of our anode materials and to accelerate the scale-up of our cathode technology. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we raise additional funds through collaboration and licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish some rights to our technologies or our product candidates on terms that may not be favorable to us. Any additional capital-raising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our current and future product candidates, if approved. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we may be forced to delay, reduce or altogether cease certain operations or future commercialization efforts. See also - “We have a history of financial losses and expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses in the near future”, "Item 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources," and "Item 18. Financial Statements.

Our business and future growth depend substantially on the growth in demand for electric vehicles and batteries for grid energy storage.

The demand for our materials and equipment is directly related to the market demand for electric vehicles and batteries for grid energy storage. In anticipation of an expected increase in the demand in these markets in the next few years, we are expanding our manufacturing capacity and seeking long-term strategic partnerships. However, the markets we have targeted may not achieve the level of growth we expect during the time frame projected. If markets fail to achieve our expected level of growth, we may have excess production capacity and may not be able to generate enough revenue to obtain profitability. If the market for electric vehicles or batteries for grid energy storage does not develop at the rate or in the manner or to the extent that we expect, or if critical assumptions that we have made regarding the efficiency of our energy solutions are incorrect or incomplete, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results could be harmed.

We have been, and may in the future be, adversely affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic.

We face various risks related to epidemics, pandemics, and other outbreaks, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of COVID-19, including changes in consumer and business behavior, pandemic fears and market downturns, and restrictions on business and individual activities, has created significant volatility in the global economy and led to reduced economic activity. The spread of COVID-19 has also impacted our potential and existing customers and suppliers by disrupting the manufacturing, delivery and overall supply chain. An extended period of supply chain disruption could impact our ability to order sufficient quantities of materials necessary for manufacturing our materials and may impact our ability to deliver customer orders in a timely manner.

COVID-19 has resulted in government authorities implementing numerous measures to try to contain the spread of the virus, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, stay-at-home or shelter-in-place orders, and business shutdowns. In addition, various aspects of our business cannot be conducted remotely, including many aspects of the development

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and manufacturing of our materials and equipment and the provision of our battery technology services. Measures required or recommended by government authorities may remain in place for a significant period of time and they are likely to continue to adversely affect our manufacturing plans, sales and marketing activities, business and results of operations. We may take further actions as may be required by government authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees, suppliers, vendors and business partners.

The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact our business, prospects and results of operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, its severity, the actions to contain the virus or treat its impact, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating activities can resume. If the COVID-19 pandemic subsides, we may continue to experience an adverse impact to our business as a result of the global economic impact, including any recession that has occurred or may occur in the future.

There are no comparable recent events that may provide guidance as to the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, and, as a result, the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or any other health epidemic is highly uncertain.

Our projected operating and financial results rely in large part upon assumptions and analyses we have developed. If these assumptions or analyses prove to be incorrect, our actual operating results may be materially different from our projected results.

Management's projected operating and financial results reflect current estimates of our future performance. Whether actual operating and financial results and business developments will be consistent with our expectations and assumptions as reflected in our projections depends on a number of factors, many of which are outside our control, including, but not limited to:

Unfavorable changes in any of these or other factors, most of which are beyond our control, could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial results.

We may become subject to product liability claims, which could harm our financial condition and liquidity if we are not able to successfully defend or insure against such claims.

We may become subject to product liability claims, even those without merit, which could harm our business, prospects, operating results, and financial condition. We face inherent risk of exposure to claims in the event our materials and equipment do not perform as expected or malfunction resulting in personal injury or death. A successful product liability claim against us could require us to pay a substantial monetary award. Moreover, a product liability claim could generate substantial negative publicity about our materials, equipment and business and inhibit or prevent commercialization of other future materials or equipment, which would have a material adverse effect on our brand, business, prospects and operating results. Any insurance coverage might not be sufficient to cover all potential product liability claims. Any claim seeking significant monetary damages either in excess of our coverage, or outside of our coverage, may have a material

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adverse effect on our reputation, business and financial condition. We may not be able to secure additional product liability insurance coverage on commercially acceptable terms or at reasonable costs when needed, particularly if we do face liability for our materials and equipment and are forced to make a claim under our policy.

Our systems and data may be subject to intentional disruption, other security incidents, or alleged violations of laws, regulations, or other obligations relating to data handling that could result in liability and adversely impact our reputation and future sales.

We expect to face significant challenges with respect to information security and maintaining the security and integrity of our systems and other systems used in our business, as well as with respect to the data stored on or processed by these systems. We are also at risk for interruptions, outages and breaches of: (a) operational systems, including business, financial, accounting, product development, data processing or production processes, owned by us or our third-party vendors or suppliers and (b) facility security systems, owned by us or our third-party vendors or suppliers. A cyber incident could be caused by disasters, insiders (through inadvertence or with malicious intent) or malicious third parties (including nation-states or nation-state supported actors) using sophisticated, targeted methods to circumvent firewalls, encryption and other security defenses, including hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception. Advances in technology, an increased level of sophistication, and an increased level of expertise of hackers, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or others can result in a compromise or breach of the systems used in our business or of security measures used in our business to protect confidential information, personal information, and other data. The techniques used by cyber attackers change frequently and may be difficult to detect for long periods of time. Although we maintain information technology measures designed to protect ourselves against intellectual property theft, data breaches and other cyber incidents, such measures will require updates and improvements, and we cannot guarantee that such measures will be adequate to detect, prevent or mitigate cyber incidents. The implementation, maintenance, segregation and improvement of these systems requires significant management time, support and cost.

Our ability to conduct our business and operations depends on the continued operation of information technology and communications systems. Systems used in our business, including data centers and other information technology systems, are vulnerable to damage or interruption. Such systems could also be subject to break-ins, cyberattacks, sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism, as well as disruptions and security incidents as a result of non-technical issues, including intentional or inadvertent acts or omissions by employees, service providers, or others. Such cyber incidents could: materially disrupt operational systems; result in loss of trade secrets or other proprietary or competitively sensitive information; or compromise certain information of customers, employees, suppliers, or others; jeopardize the security of our facilities.

Moreover, there are inherent risks associated with developing, improving, expanding and updating current systems, including the disruption of our data management, procurement, production execution, finance, supply chain and sales and service processes. These risks may affect our ability to manage our data and inventory, procure parts or supplies or produce, sell, deliver and service our materials and equipment, adequately protect our intellectual property or achieve and maintain compliance with, or realize available benefits under, applicable laws, regulations and contracts. We cannot be sure that these systems upon which we rely, including those of our third-party vendors or suppliers, will be effectively implemented, maintained or expanded as planned. If we do not successfully implement, maintain or expand these systems as planned, our operations may be disrupted, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be impaired, and deficiencies may arise in our internal control over financial reporting, which may impact our ability to certify our financial results. Moreover, our proprietary information or intellectual property could be compromised or misappropriated and our reputation may be adversely affected. If these systems do not operate as we expect them to, we may be required to expend significant resources to make corrections or find alternative sources for performing these functions.

We anticipate using outsourced service providers to help provide certain services, and any such outsourced service providers face similar security and system disruption risks as us. Some of the systems used in our business will not be fully

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redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. Any data security incidents or other disruptions to any data centers or other systems used in our business could result in lengthy interruptions in our service.

Our facilities or operations could be damaged or adversely affected as a result of natural disasters and other catastrophic events.

Our facilities or operations could be adversely affected by events, conditions and circumstances outside of our control, such as natural disasters, wars, health epidemics such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and other calamities. We cannot assure you that our backup systems will be adequate to protect us from the effects of fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events. Any of the foregoing events may give rise to interruptions, breakdowns, system failures, technology platform failures or internet failures, which could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware as well as adversely affect our ability to provide services or manufacture materials or equipment.

Moreover, our facilities located in Chattanooga, Tennessee, currently account for 100% of the production of our anode materials, and our facility in Bedford, Nova Scotia, currently accounts for 100% of the production of our battery testing equipment. As a result, any disruptions or other adverse events, whether within or beyond our control, at those facilities or in the surrounding area could have a particularly significant impact on our business performance and financial results.

Any global systemic political, economic and financial crisis (as well as the indirect effects flowing therefrom) could negatively affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

In recent times, several major systemic political, economic and financial crises negatively affected global business across a range of industries, including the energy storage industry. In addition, there have been political and trade tensions among a number of the world’s major economies in recent years, which have resulted in the implementation of tariff and non-tariff trade barriers, including the use of export control restrictions against certain countries and individual companies. Prolongation or expansion of such trade barriers may result in a decrease in the growth of the global economy and the battery industry, and could cause turmoil in global markets that may result in declines in sales from which we generate our income through our materials, technologies and services. Also, any increase in the use of export control restrictions to target certain countries and companies, any expansion of the extraterritorial jurisdiction of export control laws in the jurisdiction in which we operate, or a complete or partial ban on products sales to certain companies could impact not only our ability to supply our materials, technologies and services to such customers, but also customers’ demand for our materials, technologies and services.

Any future systemic political, economic or financial crisis or market volatility, including but not limited to, interest rate fluctuation, inflation or deflation and changes in economic, fiscal and monetary policies in major economies, could cause revenue or profits for the battery industry as a whole to decline dramatically, and if the economic conditions or financial conditions of our current or target customers were to deteriorate, the demand for our materials, technologies and services may decrease. Further, in times of market instability, sufficient external financing may not be available to us on a timely basis, on commercially reasonable terms to us, or at all. If sufficient external financing is not available when we need such financing to meet our capital requirements, we may be forced to curtail our expansion, modify plans or delay the deployment of new or expanded materials, technologies and services until we obtain such financing. Thus, further escalation of trade tensions, the use of export control restrictions as a non-tariff trade barrier or any future global systemic crisis could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

Terrorist activity, acts of war and political instability around the world could adversely impact our business.

Terrorist attacks, acts of war and other hostilities, political instability, and the national and international responses to the same, have created many economic and political uncertainties and could adversely affect our business and results of operations in ways that we cannot presently predict. Such events could adversely affect global and regional economies and financial markets in general, which could result in an economic downturn that could adversely affect our operations

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and ability to finance our operations. Given the uncertainties relating to Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the international response to this conflict, including the duration or expansion of the conflict and the effects of sanctions imposed against Russia or Russia’s retributions against those sanctions, we cannot predict the impact that Russia’s invasion of Ukraine may have on our future business. U.S. and foreign government-imposed sanctions and export restrictions could adversely affect our business partners, suppliers or customers located in or doing business with Russia, including as the result of supply disruptions or inability to ship or collect payments for their products. These impacts on our business partners, suppliers and customers, in turn, could negatively affect demand for our products and services and increase our operating costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and prospects. In some cases, we are not insured for losses and interruptions caused by terrorist acts and acts of war.

From time to time, we may be involved in litigation, regulatory actions or government investigations and inquiries, which could have an adverse impact on our profitability and consolidated financial position.

We may be involved in a variety of litigation, other claims, suits, regulatory actions or government investigations and inquiries and commercial or contractual disputes that, from time to time, are significant. In addition, from time to time, we may also be involved in legal proceedings arising in the normal course of business including commercial or contractual disputes, warranty claims and other disputes with potential customers and suppliers; intellectual property matters; personal injury claims; environmental, health and safety issues; tax matters; and employment matters. From time to time, such legal proceedings may be commenced by a significant customer, which may damage our relationship with such customer. Our significant customers generally are larger enterprises and may be able to or choose to devote greater resources to such legal proceedings. It is difficult to predict the outcome or ultimate financial exposure, if any, represented by these matters, and there can be no assurance that any such exposure will not be material. Such claims may also negatively affect our reputation. See also “—We may become involved in lawsuits or other proceedings to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful and have a negative effect on the success of our business.”

Loss of any leasehold interests in our tenements could limit our ability to mine these properties or result in significant unanticipated costs.

In Queensland, where our MDG Project is located, exploring or mining for graphite is unlawful without a tenement granted by the Queensland government. The grant and renewal of tenements are subject to a regulatory regime and each tenement is subject to certain conditions. We currently maintain three tenements in connection with the MDG Project. There is no certainty that an application for the grant of a new tenement or renewal of one or more of the existing tenements will be granted at all or on satisfactory terms or within expected timeframes. Further, the conditions attached to the tenements may change at the time they are renewed. There is a risk that we may lose title to any of our granted tenements if we are unable to comply with conditions or if the land that is subject to the tenements is required for public purposes. Our existing tenements have expirations ranging from October 19, 2022, to December 13, 2025, and, where renewal is required, there is a risk that the Queensland government may change the terms and conditions of such tenement upon renewal or refuse to grant the renewal of the tenement.

Risks Related to Regulatory Matters

We are subject to substantial regulation, and unfavorable changes to, or our failure to comply with, these regulations could substantially harm our business and operating results.

Our materials, and the purchasers of our materials, are subject to regulation under international, federal, state and local laws, including export control laws. We expect to incur significant costs in complying with these regulations. Regulations related to the battery and EV industry and alternative energy are currently evolving and we face risks associated with changes to these regulations.

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To the extent the laws change, our materials and equipment may not comply with applicable international, federal, state or local laws, which would have an adverse effect on our business. Compliance with changing regulations could be burdensome, time consuming, and expensive. To the extent compliance with new regulations is cost prohibitive, our business, prospects, financial condition and operating results would be adversely affected.

Internationally, there may be laws in jurisdictions we have not yet entered or laws we are unaware of in jurisdictions we have entered that may restrict our sales or other business practices. The laws in this area can be complex and difficult to interpret and may change over time. Continued regulatory limitations and other obstacles that may interfere with our ability to commercialize our materials and equipment could have a negative and material impact on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, financial and economic sanctions and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to administrative, civil and criminal fines and penalties, collateral consequences, remedial measures and legal expenses, all of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation.

We are subject to anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, financial and economic sanctions and similar laws and regulations in various jurisdictions in which we conduct or in the future may conduct activities, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”), the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, the Australian Criminal Code Act 1995 (“Criminal Code”), the Australian Anti-Money Laundering and Counter Terrorism Financing Act 2006, and other anti-corruption laws and regulations. The FCPA, the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, and the Criminal Code prohibit us and our officers, directors, employees and business partners acting on our behalf, including agents, from corruptly offering, promising, authorizing or providing anything of value, or providing benefit to a “foreign official”, or (under the Criminal Code) another person with the intention this will benefit a “foreign public official”, for the purposes of influencing official decisions or obtaining or retaining business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment. The FCPA also requires companies to make and keep books, records and accounts that accurately reflect transactions and dispositions of assets and to maintain a system of adequate internal accounting controls. The U.K. Bribery Act also prohibits non-governmental “commercial” bribery and soliciting or accepting bribes. Our policies and procedures that are designed to comply with these laws may not be sufficient and our directors, officers, employees, representatives, consultants, agents, and business partners could engage in improper conduct for which we may be held responsible.

Non-compliance with anti-corruption, anti-bribery, anti-money laundering, financial and economic sanctions and similar laws could subject us to whistleblower complaints, adverse media coverage, investigations, and severe administrative, civil and criminal sanctions, collateral consequences, remedial measures and legal expenses, all of which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and reputation. In addition, changes in these laws in the future could adversely impact our business. See “—Any global systemic political, economic and financial crisis (as well as the indirect effects flowing therefrom) could negatively affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition” for more information.

We are subject to environmental, health and safety requirements which could adversely affect our business, results of operation and reputation.

Our facilities and operations are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety (“EHS”) laws and regulations, which require significant capital investment on an ongoing basis. These laws and regulations regulate, among other things, the discharge of materials into the environment, air emissions, the handling and disposal of wastes, remediation of contaminated sites and other matters relating to worker and consumer health and safety, and to the protection of the environment. Non-compliance with applicable EHS laws could give rise to liability, including the potential for civil or criminal fines or penalties, unforeseen capital expenditures or other legal liability. In addition, EHS laws or their enforcement may change or become more stringent over time, which could increase our operating costs, subject us to additional liabilities and cause delays in our processes. We may also face liability for the remediation of contaminated

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sites, including at third-party contaminated sites where we or our predecessors in interest have sent waste for treatment or disposal. Remediation liability may be imposed without regard to whether we knew of, or caused, the release of such regulated substances. In addition, under environmental laws, we may be liable for the entire cost to remediate a contaminated site, even where multiple parties contributed to the contamination.

Our operations pose a number of safety risks which could result in the personal injury or death of our workers, fire or explosion, damage to machinery or materials and equipment, or production delays. For example, our manufacturing operations utilize furnaces and equipment heated to extremely high temperatures, for which our existing safety measures, including policies and procedures in place to protect against health and safety incidents or damage to our facility and equipment in the event of a fire or other incident, might not prevent serious injury or death or property damage. Consequences of safety incidents may include litigation, regulatory action, increased insurance premiums, mandates to halt production, workers’ compensation claims, or other liabilities, all of which may adversely impact our business, including harm to our reputation, finances or ability to operate.

In addition, our supply-chain and manufacturing processes rely on the use of fossil fuels for product materials and energy consumption. Changes in rules and regulations (e.g., greenhouse gas regulations, air emission compliance requirements) applicable to us or entities in our supply chain or stricter scrutiny of our sustainability performance by various stakeholders could require us to make changes to our operations, which could increase our operating costs, cause delays or otherwise have an adverse impact on our business.

Risks Relating to Intellectual Property

Our success depends upon our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our materials and technologies.

Our success will depend in significant part on our ability to establish and maintain adequate protection of our owned intellectual property, and the ability to commercialize materials and equipment resulting therefrom, without infringing the intellectual property rights of others. We may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position. We rely upon a combination of the intellectual property protections afforded by patent and trade secret laws in the United States, Canada, and other jurisdictions, as well as license agreements and other contractual protections, to establish, maintain and enforce rights in our proprietary technologies. In addition, we seek to protect our intellectual property rights through nondisclosure and invention assignment agreements with our employees and consultants, and through non-disclosure agreements with business partners and other third parties. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, third parties may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our intellectual property. Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly, and the steps we have taken or will take to prevent misappropriation may not be sufficient.

Furthermore, our owned and in-licensed intellectual property rights may be subject to a reservation of rights by one or more third parties. In some instances, when new technologies are developed with government funding (and in particular, the U.S. government), the government may obtain certain rights in any resulting patents, including a non-exclusive license authorizing the government to use the invention or to have others use the invention on its behalf. These rights may permit the government to disclose our confidential information to third parties and to exercise march-in rights to use or allow third parties to use our licensed technology. For example, the United States federal government retains such rights in inventions produced with its financial assistance under the Bayh-Dole Act. The government can exercise its march-in rights if it determines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve practical application of the government-funded technology, because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations, or to give preference to U.S. industry. We recently received a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy, which, once funds are received, we plan to use to develop certain products and technologies. As a result, such governmental authority may have certain rights, including march-in rights, to such patent rights and technology, under the Bayh-Dole Act or similar laws and our rights in such inventions may be subject to certain requirements to manufacture products embodying such

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inventions in the United States. Any exercise by the government of such rights or by any third party of its reserved rights could harm our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our inability to protect our confidential information and trade secrets would harm our business and competitive position.

In addition to seeking patents for some of our technology and processes, we also rely substantially on trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary materials and information, to maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect these trade secrets, in part, by requiring employees to waive their intellectual property rights and to maintain confidentiality or non-disclosure obligations as set forth in our employee handbook or in our agreements with them. However, these steps may be inadequate, we may fail to enter into agreements with all such parties or any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our trade secrets, and there may be no adequate remedy available for such breach of an agreement. We cannot assure you that our trade secrets will not be disclosed or that we can meaningfully protect our trade secrets. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts both within and outside the United States may be less willing, or unwilling, to protect trade secrets. If a competitor lawfully obtained, reverse engineered or independently developed any technology or information that we protect as trade secret, we would have no right to prevent such competitor from using that technology or information to compete with us, which could harm our competitive position.

Our patent applications may not result in issued patents or our patent rights may be contested, circumvented, invalidated or limited in scope, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to prevent others from interfering with our commercialization of our products.

In addition to taking other steps to protect our intellectual property, we currently hold one issued patent, we have applied for seven additional patents, and we intend to continue to apply for, patents with claims covering our technologies and processes when and where we deem it appropriate to do so. We have filed patent applications in the United States, Canada and in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions to obtain patent rights to inventions we have developed, with claims directed to compositions of matter, methods of use and other technologies relating to our programs, including battery applications. There can be no assurance that any of these applications will result in patents being issued. In addition, there can be no assurance that any of our current and future patents will effectively protect our technologies and processes and effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies, processes and products. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing or in some cases not at all, until they are issued as a patent. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we or our current or future collaborators were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned patent or pending patent applications, or that we or our current or future collaborators were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. For a description of our patent portfolio, see “Item 4. Business Overview - Intellectual Property.”

Any changes we make to our technologies or processes to cause them to have what we view as more advantageous properties may not be covered by our existing patent and patent applications, and we may be required to file new applications and/or seek other forms of protection for any such altered technologies or processes. Numerous patents and pending patent applications owned by others exist in the fields in which we have developed and are developing our technology. The patent landscape surrounding our underlying technology and processes is potentially crowded, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to secure patent protection that would adequately cover an alternative to our current technologies or processes.

The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we and our current or future collaborators may not be able to prepare, file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we or our current or future collaborators will fail to identify patentable aspects of inventions

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made in the course of development and commercialization activities before it is too late to obtain patent protection for them. Moreover, in some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain or enforce the patents, covering technology that we license to third parties and may be reliant on our current or future collaborators to perform these activities, which means that these patent applications may not be prosecuted, and these patents enforced, in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. If our current or future collaborators fail to establish, maintain, protect or enforce such patents and other intellectual property rights, such rights may be reduced or eliminated. If our current or future collaborators are not fully cooperative or disagree with us as to the prosecution, maintenance or enforcement of any patent rights, such patent rights could be compromised.

Further, the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. In recent years, these areas have been the subject of much litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our and our current or future collaborators’ patent rights are highly uncertain. The legal protection afforded to inventors and owners of intellectual property in countries outside of the United States may not be as protective or effective as that in the United States and we may, therefore, be unable to acquire and enforce intellectual property rights outside the United States to the same extent as in the United States. Whether filed in the United States or abroad, our patent applications may be challenged or may fail to result in issued patents. In many non-U.S. countries, patent applications and/or issued patents, or parts thereof, must be translated into the native language. If our patent applications or issued patents are translated incorrectly, they may not adequately cover our technologies; in some countries, it may not be possible to rectify an incorrect translation, which may result in patent protection that does not adequately cover our technologies in those countries.

Filing, prosecuting, enforcing and defending patents in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States may be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some non-U.S. countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and certain state laws in the United States. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with ours and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

The requirements for patentability differ and certain countries have heightened requirements for patentability, requiring more disclosure in the patent application. In addition, certain countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In those countries, we may have limited remedies if patents are infringed or if we are compelled to grant a license to a third party, which could materially diminish the value of those patents. This could limit our potential revenue opportunities. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we own or license.

Changes in patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our technologies and processes.

Our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property rights, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents involves technological and legal complexity, and obtaining and enforcing patents is costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain. The U.S. Supreme Court in recent years has issued rulings either narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations or ruling that certain

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subject matter is not eligible for patent protection. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by Congress, the federal courts, the USPTO and equivalent bodies in non-U.S. jurisdictions, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patent and patents we may obtain in the future.

Patent reform laws, such as the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, as well as changes in how patent laws are interpreted, could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.

Our lack of registered trademarks and trade names could potentially harm our business.

As of the date of this annual report, we do not own any registered trademarks, but we may pursue trademark registrations in the future. The unauthorized use or other violation of any of our trademarks or trade names could diminish the brand recognition or value of our business which would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation.

Trademarks and trade names distinguish our products and services from the products and services of others. If our potential future customers are unable to distinguish our products and services from those of other companies, we could lose sales and distributors to our competitors. We do not have any registered trademarks and trade names, so we must rely on common law rights in such trademarks or trade names, which are different in each jurisdiction, if any such rights exist. Many subtleties exist in product descriptions, offerings and names that can easily confuse distributors and customers. This presents a risk of losing potential customers looking for our products and buying someone else’s because they cannot differentiate between them.

If we do eventually file trademark applications, third parties may oppose our trademark applications or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in loss of brand recognition, and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. Further, there can be no assurance that competitors will not infringe our trademarks or that we will have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks.

We may be unable to obtain intellectual property rights or technology necessary to develop and commercialize our materials and equipment.

The patent landscape around our programs is complex, and there may be one or more third-party patents and patent applications containing subject matter that might be relevant to our programs. Depending on what claims may ultimately issue from these patent applications, and how courts construe the issued patent claims, as well as depending on the ultimate method of use of our processes, we may need to obtain a license to practice the technology claimed in such patents. There can be no assurance that such licenses will be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If a third party does not offer us a necessary license or offers a license only on terms that are unattractive or unacceptable to us, we might be unable to develop and commercialize one or more of our programs, which would harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, even if we obtain licenses to such intellectual property, but subsequently fail to meet our obligations under the relevant license agreements, or such license agreements are terminated for any other reasons, we may lose our rights to the technologies licensed under those agreements.

The licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is an area in which many companies operate that have interests that are in conflict with ours, and several more established companies may pursue strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate

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return on our investment, or at all. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights or maintain the existing intellectual property rights we have, we may have to abandon development of the relevant programs, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We may become involved in lawsuits or other proceedings to protect or enforce our intellectual property, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful and have a negative effect on the success of our business.

Third parties may infringe our patents or misappropriate or otherwise violate our intellectual property rights. In the future, we may initiate legal proceedings to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets or to determine the validity or scope of intellectual property rights we own or control. Also, third parties may initiate legal proceedings against us to challenge the validity or scope of intellectual property rights we own, control or to which we have rights. These proceedings can be expensive and time-consuming and many of our adversaries in these proceedings may have the ability to dedicate substantially greater resources to prosecuting these legal actions than we can. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not be able to prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating intellectual property rights we own, control or have rights to, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States. Litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of management resources, which could harm our business and financial results. In addition, if we initiated legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent, the defendant could counterclaim that such patent is invalid or unenforceable. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated, narrowed, held unenforceable or interpreted in such a manner that would not preclude third parties from entering the market with competing products.

Third-party pre-issuance submission to the USPTO, or opposition, derivation, revocation, reexamination, inter partes review or interference proceedings, or other pre-issuance or post-grant proceedings or other patent office proceedings or litigation in the United States or other jurisdictions provoked by third parties or brought by us, may be necessary to determine the inventorship, priority, patentability or validity of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications. An unfavorable outcome could leave our technology or processes without patent protection, allow third parties to commercialize our technology and processes and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or could require us to obtain license rights from the prevailing party in order to be able to manufacture or commercialize our technologies or processes without infringing third-party patent rights. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party in such a case does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Even if we obtain a license, it may be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. In addition, if the breadth or strength of protection provided by our patents and patent applications is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to license, develop or commercialize current or future technologies.

We may not be aware of all third-party intellectual property rights potentially relating to our technologies or processes, or future technologies or processes. We are not aware of any facts that would lead us to conclude that the valid and enforceable claims of any third-party patents would reasonably be interpreted to cover our technologies or processes. As to pending third-party applications, we cannot predict with any certainty which claims will issue, if any, or the scope of such issued claims. Even if we believe third-party intellectual property claims are without merit, there is no assurance that a court would find in our favor on questions of infringement, validity, enforceability or priority. A court of competent jurisdiction could hold that these third-party patents are valid, enforceable and infringed, which could materially and negatively affect our ability to commercialize any materials and equipment and any other technologies covered by the asserted third-party patents. If any such third-party patents (including those that may issue from such applications) were successfully asserted against us or other commercialization partners and we were unable to successfully challenge the validity or enforceability of any such asserted patents, then we and other commercialization partners may be prevented from commercializing our materials and equipment, or may be required to pay significant damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to willfully infringe the asserted patents, or obtain a license to such patents, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us,

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and it could require us to make substantial licensing and royalty payments. Any of the foregoing would harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our existing patent and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologies or from developing or commercializing competing products. Furthermore, others may independently develop or commercialize similar or alternative technologies, or design around our patents. Our patents may be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or narrowed, or fail to provide us with any competitive advantages. In addition, we may not be aware of patents or pending or future patent applications that, if issued, would block us from commercializing our materials and equipment. Thus, we cannot guarantee that the technology and processes related to our materials and equipment, or our commercialization thereof, do not and will not infringe or otherwise violate any third party’s intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting misappropriation of intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Companies, organizations or individuals, including our current and future competitors, may hold or obtain patents, trademarks or other proprietary rights that would prevent, limit or interfere with our ability to make, use, develop or sell our products or processes, which could make it more difficult for us to operate our business. From time to time, we may receive inquiries from holders of patents, trademarks or other intellectual property inquiring whether we are infringing or violating their proprietary rights and/or seek court declarations that they do not infringe upon, misappropriate or otherwise violate our intellectual property rights or challenging our ownership or the validity or enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Companies holding patents or other intellectual property rights relating to batteries, electric motors or electronic power management systems may bring suits alleging infringement of such rights or otherwise asserting their rights and seeking licenses.

In addition, if we are determined to have infringed upon or violated a third party’s intellectual property rights, we may be required to do one or more of the following:

In the event of a successful claim of infringement or violation against us, or our failure or inability to obtain a license or other valid rights to the infringed technology, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition could be materially adversely affected. In addition, any litigation or claims, whether or not valid, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management’s attention.

We also license patents and other intellectual property from third parties, and we may face claims that our use of this intellectual property infringes the rights of others. In such cases, we may seek indemnification from our licensors under our license contracts with them. However, our rights to indemnification may be unavailable or insufficient to cover our costs and losses or otherwise provide us with the continued rights to use such licensed intellectual property.

Although we seek to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed confidential information or intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer, or that third parties have an interest in our patents as an inventor or co-inventor. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we

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may lose valuable intellectual property rights or the services of personnel or sustain other damages. Such intellectual property rights could be awarded to a third party, and we could be required to obtain a license from such a third party to commercialize our technology or materials. Such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Even if we successfully prosecute or defend against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and distract management.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the conception or development of intellectual property to waive or assign to us any intellectual property rights thereto, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who, in fact, conceives or develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. The assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Such claims could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our developed technologies, products, services or business.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. For example:

Should any of these events occur, they could materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Risks Related to the ADSs

An active U.S. trading market may not develop.

While our ordinary shares have been listed on the Australian Securities Exchange, or the ASX, since December 2015, and trading on the OTCQX Best Market since September 2020, there has been no public market on a U.S. national securities exchange for our ordinary shares and, prior to the listing of the ADSs on NASDAQ in January 2022, there was no public

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market for the ADSs. There can be no assurance that an active trading market for the ADSs will develop, or be sustained. In the absence of an active trading market for the ADSs, investors may not be able to sell their ADSs.

The trading price and volume of the ADSs may be volatile, and purchasers of the ADSs could incur substantial losses.

The price and trading volumes of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be significantly affected by many factors, including:

In addition, equity markets generally have experienced, and may in the future experience, extreme price and volume fluctuations, and often these movements do not reflect the operational and financial performance of the listed companies concerned. In particular, share prices of companies in the battery industry have been highly volatile in the past and may continue to be highly volatile in the future. Our operations currently focus on battery materials, technology and services. Therefore, we are especially vulnerable to these factors to the extent that they continue to affect the battery industry. Fluctuations in the share markets in Australia and the United States, as well as macroeconomic conditions, could significantly affect the price of the ADSs. As a result of this volatility, investors may not be able to sell their ADSs at or above the price originally paid for the security.

These and other market and industry factors may cause the market price and demand for the ADSs to fluctuate, regardless of our actual operating performance, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their ADSs and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of the trading market for the ADSs.

Future sales of our ordinary shares or ADSs or the anticipation of future sales could reduce the market price of our ordinary shares or ADSs.

Sales of a substantial number of shares or ADSs in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares and the ADSs and may make it more difficult for you to sell your ADSs at a time and price that you deem appropriate. We have recently raised funds through the sales of our ordinary

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shares. For instance, we raised A$115 million in March 2021 and A$16 million in May 2021 through placements of our ordinary shares. In addition, in September 2021, Phillips 66 acquired 77,962,578 ordinary shares for an aggregate purchase price of US$150 million.

The ordinary shares subject to subscription under outstanding options and performance rights exercisable for ordinary shares will become eligible for sale in the public market in the future, subject to certain legal and contractual limitations. Sales of a large number of the ordinary shares in the public market could depress the market price of the ADSs. If these additional ordinary shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of the ordinary shares and ADSs could decline substantially, which could impair our ability to raise additional capital through the issuance of ordinary shares, ADSs or other securities in the future, and may cause you to lose part or all of your investment.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable reports about our business, the price of the ADSs and their trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the ADSs depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If securities or industry analysts do not cover our company, the trading price for the ADSs could be negatively impacted. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our equity securities or publishes incorrect or unfavorable research about our business, the price of the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, or downgrades our securities, demand for the ADSs could decrease, which could cause the price of the ADSs or their trading volume to decline.

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our securities and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of the ADSs.

We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares since our listing on the ASX and do not currently intend to do so for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to invest our future earnings, if any, to fund our operations and growth. Therefore, you are not likely to receive any dividends on your ADSs for the foreseeable future and the success of an investment in the ADSs will depend upon any future appreciation in its value. Consequently, investors may need to sell all or part of their holdings of the ADSs after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment. There is no guarantee that the ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which you have purchased them. Investors seeking cash dividends should consider not purchasing the ADSs.

While we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future, if such a dividend is declared, the depositary for the ADSs has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of our ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, in accordance with the limitations set forth in the deposit agreement, it may be unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to holders of ADSs. We have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of the ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of the ADSs. This means that you may not receive the distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value from them if it is unlawful or impractical to make them available to you. These restrictions may negatively impact the value of your ADSs. In addition, exchange rate fluctuations may affect the amount of Australian dollars that we are able to distribute, and the amount in U.S. dollars that our shareholders receive upon the payment of cash dividends or other distributions we declare and pay in Australian dollars, if any. These factors could harm the value of the ADSs, and, in turn, the U.S. dollar proceeds that holders receive from the sale of the ADSs.

The dual listing of our ordinary shares and the ADSs may negatively impact the liquidity and value of the ADSs.

Since the listing of the ADSs on NASDAQ , our ordinary shares have continued to be listed on the ASX. We cannot predict the effect of this dual listing on the value of our ordinary shares and ADSs. However, the dual listing of our ordinary shares

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and the ADSs may dilute the liquidity of these securities in one or both markets and may negatively impact the development of an active trading market for the ADSs in the United States. The price of the ADSs could also be negatively impacted by trading in our ordinary shares on the ASX.

U.S. investors may have difficulty enforcing civil liabilities against our company, our directors or members of senior management and the experts named in this annual report.

Certain members of our senior management and board of directors named in this annual report are non-residents of the United States, and a substantial portion of the assets of such persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be impracticable to serve process on such persons in the United States or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against them based on civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States. Even if you are successful in bringing such an action, there is doubt as to whether Australian courts would enforce certain civil liabilities under U.S. securities laws in original actions or judgments of U.S. courts based upon these civil liability provisions. In addition, awards of punitive damages in actions brought in the United States or elsewhere may be unenforceable in Australia or elsewhere outside the United States. An award for monetary damages under U.S. securities laws would be considered punitive if it does not seek to compensate the claimant for loss or damage suffered and is intended to punish the defendant. The enforceability of any judgment in Australia will depend on the particular facts of the case as well as the laws and treaties in effect at the time. The United States and Australia do not currently have a treaty or statute providing for recognition and enforcement of the judgments of the other country (other than arbitration awards) in civil and commercial matters.

As a result, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against us, our management or our directors than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States. In addition, as a company incorporated in Australia, the provisions of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), or the "Corporations Act," regulate the circumstances in which shareholder derivative actions may be commenced, which may be different, and in many ways less permissive, than for companies incorporated in the United States.

Australian takeover laws may discourage takeover offers being made for us or may discourage the acquisition of a significant position in our ordinary shares or ADSs.

We are incorporated in Australia and are subject to the takeover laws of Australia. Subject to a range of exceptions, the takeover provisions in the Corporations Act prohibit the acquisition of a direct or indirect interest in our issued voting shares if the acquisition of that interest will lead to a person’s voting power in us increasing from 20% or below to more than 20%, or increasing from a starting point that is above 20% and below 90%. Australian takeover laws may discourage takeover offers being made for us or may discourage the acquisition of a significant position in our ordinary shares. This may have the ancillary effect of entrenching our board of directors and may deprive or limit our shareholders’ opportunity to sell their ordinary shares.

Our Constitution and Australian laws and regulations applicable to us may differ from those which apply to a U.S. corporation.

As an Australian company we are subject to different corporate requirements than a corporation organized under the laws of the United States. Our Constitution, as well as the Corporations Act, sets forth various rights and obligations that apply to us as an Australian company and which may not apply to a U.S. corporation. These requirements may operate differently than those which apply to many U.S. companies. You should carefully review the summary of these matters set forth under “Description of Securities Registered Under Section 12 of the Exchange Act," as well as our Constitution, which are included as exhibits to this annual report, prior to investing in our securities.

Holders of ADSs will not be directly holding our ordinary shares.

A holder of ADSs will not be treated as one of our shareholders and will not have direct shareholder rights, unless they surrender the ADSs to receive the ordinary shares underlying their ADSs in accordance with the deposit agreement and

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applicable laws and regulations. Our Constitution and Australian law govern our shareholder rights. The depositary, through the custodian or the custodian’s nominee, will be the holder of the ordinary shares underlying ADSs. The deposit agreement among us, the depositary and holders of ADSs, and all other persons directly and indirectly holding ADSs, sets out ADS holder rights, as well as the rights and obligations of us and the depositary. See “Item 12. Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities – American Depositary Shares.”

Your right as a holder of ADSs to participate in any future preferential subscription rights offering or to elect to receive dividends in ordinary shares may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

The deposit agreement provides that the depositary will not make rights available to you unless the distribution to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act or exempted from registration under the Securities Act. If we offer holders of our ordinary shares the option to receive dividends in either cash or shares, under the deposit agreement the depositary may require satisfactory assurances from us that extending the offer to holders of ADSs does not require registration of any securities under the Securities Act before making the option available to holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, ADS holders may be unable to participate in our rights offerings or to elect to receive dividends in shares and may experience dilution in their holdings. In addition, if the depositary is unable to sell rights that are not exercised or not distributed or if the sale is not lawful or reasonably practicable, it will allow the rights to lapse, in which case you will receive no value for these rights. Under the terms of our subscription agreement with Phillips 66, Phillips 66 also has certain rights to be notified of, and participate in, issuance of shares by the Company, which opportunities may not be available to you or other holders of ADSs.

You may not be able to exercise your right to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs.

Holders of ADSs may exercise voting rights with respect to the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs only in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. The deposit agreement provides that, upon receipt of notice of any meeting of holders of our ordinary shares, the depositary will fix a record date for the determination of ADS holders who shall be entitled to give instructions for the exercise of voting rights. Upon timely receipt of notice from us, if we so request, the depositary shall distribute to the holders as of the record date (i) the notice of the meeting or solicitation of consent or proxy sent by us and (ii) a statement as to the manner in which instructions may be given by the holders.

You may instruct the depositary to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. Otherwise, you will not be able to exercise your right to vote, unless you withdraw the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs you hold. However, you may not know about the meeting far enough in advance to withdraw those ordinary shares in time to vote them yourself. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary, upon timely notice from us, will notify you of the upcoming vote and arrange to deliver our voting materials to you and will try to vote ordinary shares as you instruct. We cannot guarantee you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your ordinary shares or to withdraw your ordinary shares so that you can vote them yourself.

Under our Constitution, any resolution to be considered at a meeting of the shareholders shall be decided on a show of hands unless a poll is demanded in accordance with the terms of our Constitution. A poll may be demanded before a vote is taken, or, in the case of a vote taken on a show of hands, immediately before or immediately after, the declaration of the result of the show of hands. Under voting by a show of hands, the depositary will vote (or cause the custodian to vote) all ordinary shares held on deposit at that time in accordance with the voting instructions received from a majority of holders of ADSs who provide timely voting instructions.

You may be subject to limitations on the transfer of your ADSs and the withdrawal of the underlying ordinary shares.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may refuse

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to deliver, transfer or register transfers of your ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary think it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law, government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason subject to your right to surrender your ADSs and receive the underlying ordinary shares. Temporary delays in the surrendering of your ADSs and receipt of the underlying ordinary shares may arise because the depositary has closed its transfer books or we have closed our transfer books, the transfer of ordinary shares is blocked to permit voting at a shareholders’ meeting or we are paying a dividend on our ordinary shares. In addition, you may not be able to surrender your ADSs and receive the underlying ordinary shares when you owe money for fees, taxes and similar charges and when it is necessary to prohibit withdrawals in order to comply with any laws or governmental regulations that apply to ADSs or to the withdrawal of ordinary shares or other deposited securities. See “Item 12. Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities – American Depositary Shares.”

ADS holders’ rights to pursue claims are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement.

The deposit agreement provides that holders and beneficial owners of ADSs, including those holders and owners who acquired ADSs in secondary transactions, irrevocably waive the right to a trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including in respect of claims under U.S. federal securities laws, against us or the depositary to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. If this jury trial waiver provision is prohibited by applicable law, an action could nevertheless proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a jury trial waiver under the U.S. federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by a federal court. However, we believe that a jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a court of the State of New York or a federal court, which have non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement, applying such law. In determining whether to enforce a jury trial waiver provision, New York courts and federal courts will consider whether the visibility of the jury trial waiver provision within the agreement is sufficiently prominent such that a party has knowingly waived any right to trial by jury. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. In addition, New York courts will not enforce a jury trial waiver provision in order to bar a viable setoff or counterclaim sounding in fraud or one which is based upon a creditor’s negligence in failing to liquidate collateral upon a guarantor’s demand, or in the case of an intentional tort claim (as opposed to a contract dispute), none of which we believe are applicable in the case of the deposit agreement or the ADSs.

No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any provision of the applicable U.S. federal securities laws. If you or any other holder or beneficial owner of ADSs brings a claim against us or the depositary in connection with such matters, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action, depending on, among other things, the nature of the claims, the judge or justice hearing such claims, and the venue of the hearing.

As the jury trial waiver relates to claims arising out of or relating to the ADSs or the deposit agreement, we believe that the waiver would likely continue to apply to ADS holders or beneficial owners who withdraw the ordinary shares from the ADS facility with respect to claims arising before the cancellation of the ADSs and the withdrawal of the ordinary shares, and the waiver would likely not apply to ADS holders or beneficial owners who subsequently withdraw the ordinary shares represented by ADSs from the ADS facility with respect to claims arising after the withdrawal. However, to our knowledge, there has been no case law on the applicability of the jury trial waiver to ADS holders or beneficial owners who withdraw the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs from the ADS facility.

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We and the depositary are entitled to amend the deposit agreement and to change the rights of ADS holders under the terms of such agreement, and we may terminate the deposit agreement, without the prior consent of the ADS holders.

We and the depositary are entitled to amend the deposit agreement and to change the rights of the ADS holders under the terms of such agreement, without the prior consent of the ADS holders. In the event that the terms of an amendment are materially prejudicial to ADS holders’ substantial rights, ADS holders will only receive 30 days’ advance notice of the amendment, and no prior consent of the ADS holders is required under the deposit agreement. Furthermore, we may decide to terminate the ADS facility at any time for any reason, or the depositary agent may on its own initiative terminate the deposit agreement. If the ADS facility will terminate, ADS holders will receive at least 30 days’ prior notice, but no prior consent is required from them. Under the circumstances that we decide to make an amendment to the deposit agreement that is materially prejudicial to the substantial rights of the ADS holders or terminate the deposit agreement, the ADS holders may choose to sell their ADSs or surrender their ADSs and become direct holders of the underlying ordinary shares, but will have no right to any compensation whatsoever.

ADS holders have limited recourse if we or the depositary fail to meet our respective obligations under the deposit agreement.

The deposit agreement expressly limits our obligations and liability and those of the depositary. We and the depositary:

These provisions of the deposit agreement limit the ability of holders of the ADSs to obtain recourse if we or the depositary fail to meet our respective obligations under the deposit agreement.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from a number of rules under the U.S. securities laws that apply to public companies that are not foreign private issuers.

We are a foreign private issuer, as defined in the SEC’s rules and regulations and, consequently, we are not subject to all of the disclosure requirements applicable to public companies organized within the United States. For example, we are exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act that regulate disclosure obligations and procedural requirements related to the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations applicable to a security registered under the Exchange Act, including the U.S. proxy rules under Section 14 of the Exchange Act. In addition, our senior management and directors are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and related rules with respect to their purchases and sales of our securities. Moreover, while we currently make annual and semi-annual filings with respect to our listing on the ASX and expect to file financial reports on an annual and semi-annual basis, we will not be required to file annual and current reports and financial statements with the the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act and will not be required to file quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K under the Exchange Act. We will also be exempt from the provisions of Regulation FD, which prohibits the selective disclosure of material nonpublic information to, among others, broker-dealers and holders of a company’s securities under circumstances in which it is reasonably foreseeable that the holder will trade in the company’s securities on the basis of

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the information. In addition, foreign private issuers are not required to file their annual report on Form 20-F until four months after the end of each fiscal year.

These exemptions and leniencies will reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections to which you are entitled as an investor and there may be less publicly available information concerning our company than there would be if we were not a foreign private issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from NASDAQ corporate governance listing standards, and these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with NASDAQ corporate governance listing standards.

As a foreign private issuer with ADSs listed on NASDAQ , we are subject to NASDAQ corporate governance listing standards. However, the governance rules of NASDAQ permit foreign private issuers to follow the corporate governance practices of their home country. Some corporate governance practices in Australia may differ from NASDAQ corporate governance listing standards. For example, we could include non-independent directors as members of our Remuneration Committee, and our independent directors may not necessarily hold regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent members of the board of directors are present. In addition, the corporate governance practice in our home country, Australia, does not require a majority of our board to consist of independent directors (although it is recommended) or the implementation of a nominating and corporate governance committee (although the establishment of a nominating committee is also recommended). Currently, we intend to follow home country practice to the maximum extent possible. Therefore, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would have under corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. For an overview of our corporate governance practices, see “Board Practices.”

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional cost and expense.

While we currently qualify as a foreign private issuer, the determination of foreign private issuer status is made annually based on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter and, accordingly, our next determination will be made based on information as of December 31, 2022. In the future, we would lose our foreign private issuer status if we to fail to meet the requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer status as of the relevant determination date. For example, if 50% or more of our securities are held by U.S. residents and more than 50% of our senior management or directors are residents or citizens of the United States, we could lose our foreign private issuer status. As of June 30, 2022, approximately 16.6% of our outstanding ordinary shares were held by U.S. residents.

The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher. If we cease to be a foreign private issuer, we will be required to file periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, which are more detailed and extensive in certain respects than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We would be required under current SEC rules to prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP rather than IFRS, and modify certain of our policies to comply with corporate governance practices required of U.S. domestic issuers. Such conversion of our financial statements to U.S. GAAP would involve significant time and cost. In addition, we may lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements on U.S. stock exchanges that are available to foreign private issuers such as the ones described above and exemptions from procedural requirements related to the solicitation of proxies.

We are an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act and will be able to avail ourselves of reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could make our ordinary shares and ADSs less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth

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companies.” These include exemptions from the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act"), and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

We cannot predict if investors will find the ADSs less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find the ADSs less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for the ADSs and the price of the ADSs may be more volatile. We may take advantage of these exemptions until such time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company upon the earliest to occur of (i) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have more than US$1.07 billion in annual revenue; (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we qualify as a “large accelerated filer”; (iii) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than US$1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; and (iv) the last day of the fiscal year in which the fifth anniversary of our first sale of common equity securities pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act has occurred.

We have incurred and will continue to incur significant, increased costs as a result of operating as a company with ADSs that are publicly traded in the United States, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.

As a company with ADSs that are publicly traded in the United States, we have incurred and will incur significant legal, accounting, insurance, administrative and other expenses that we did not previously incur. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and related rules implemented by the SEC and NASDAQ have imposed various requirements on public companies listed in the United States, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

Our current management team has limited experience managing and operating a company that has publicly traded securities in the United States. Our management team may not successfully or effectively manage our transition to a public company listed in the United States that will be subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under U.S. federal securities laws. It will need to divert attention from operational and other business matters to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives, and we will need to add additional personnel and build our internal compliance infrastructure. Their limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies could be a significant disadvantage in that it is likely that an increasing amount of their time may be devoted to these activities, which will result in less time being devoted to the management and growth of our Company. We may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of public companies in the United States. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for us to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company in the United States may require costs greater than expected. It is possible that we will be required to expand our employee base and hire additional employees to support our operations as a public company, which will increase our operating costs in future periods.

Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult and expensive for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as our senior management. Furthermore, if we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company listed in the United States, we could be subject to delisting of the ADSs, fines, sanctions and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation. Failure to comply or adequately comply with any laws, rules or regulations applicable to our business may result in fines or regulatory actions, which may adversely affect our business, results of operation or financial condition and could result in delays in achieving or maintaining an active and liquid trading market for the ADSs.

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We identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in connection with the preparation of our financial statements for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, and we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future that may cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements of our financial statements. If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls to remediate our material weaknesses over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence in our company and the market price of the ADSs may be negatively impacted.

As a public company, we are required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires management to certify financial and other information in our SEC reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. We will not be required to make our first annual assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to 4Section 404 until our annual report for the year ending June 30, 2023. As an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm will generally not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 until we are no longer an emerging growth company. If our internal control over financial reporting is not effective, management will be required to state that in its report on internal control over financial reporting and our independent registered public accounting firm will issue an adverse report with respect to the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting.

Our management has not completed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. In connection with the preparation of our financial statements as of and for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, we identified certain control deficiencies in the design and implementation of our internal control over financial reporting that constituted material weaknesses. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Our evaluation was based on the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013).

See Item 15 for a detailed discussion of our material weaknesses and remediation plans with respect thereto) to the end of the immediately preceding paragraph.

The presence of material weaknesses could result in financial statement errors which, in turn, could lead to errors in our financial reports or delays in our financial reporting, which could require us to restate our financial statements . Remediating material weaknesses will absorb management time and will require us to incur additional expenses, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our ordinary shares and the ADSs. In order to establish and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting, we will need to expend significant resources and provide significant management oversight. Developing, implementing and testing changes to our internal controls may require specific compliance training of our directors and employees, entail substantial costs in order to modify our existing accounting systems, take a significant period of time to complete and divert management’s attention from other business concerns. These changes may not, however, be effective in establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls.

It is possible that, had we and our independent registered public accounting firm performed a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, additional material weaknesses may have been identified.

If either we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting or our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide us with an unqualified report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as required by Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, investors may lose confidence in our operating results, the price of our ordinary shares and the ADSs could decline and we may be subject to litigation

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or regulatory enforcement actions. In addition, if we are unable to meet the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may not be able to remain listed on NASDAQ .

We currently report our financial results under IFRS, which differs in certain significant respects from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP.

Currently we report our financial statements under International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS") as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board. There have been and there may in the future be certain significant differences between IFRS and U.S. GAAP, and those difference may be material. As a result, our financial information and reported earnings for historical or future periods could be significantly different if they were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, we do not intend to provide a reconciliation between IFRS and U.S. GAAP unless it is required under applicable law. As a result, you may not be able to meaningfully compare our financial statements under IFRS with those companies that prepare financial statements under U.S. GAAP.

We are subject to risks associated with currency fluctuations, and changes in foreign currency exchange rates could impact our results of operations.

Our ordinary shares are quoted in Australian dollars on the ASX and the ADSs are quoted in U.S. dollars. In the past year, the Australian dollar has generally weakened against the U.S. dollar; however, this trend may not continue and may be reversed. Any significant change in the value of the Australian dollar may have a negative effect on the value of the ADSs in U.S. dollars. In particular, if the Australian dollar weakens against the U.S. dollar, then, if we decide to convert our Australian dollars into U.S. dollars for any business purpose, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Australian dollar would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us. Consequently, appreciation or depreciation in the value of the Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar would affect our financial results reported in U.S. dollar terms without giving effect to any underlying change in our business or results of operations. As a result of such foreign currency fluctuations, it could be more difficult to detect underlying trends in our business and results of operations.

Risks Related to Tax Matters

Our ability to utilize our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be prohibited or subject to certain limitations.

Prior or future changes in our ownership could limit our ability to use our net operating losses (“NOLs”) to offset future taxable income. In general, in the United States, Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, provides an annual limitation with respect to the ability of a corporation to utilize its tax attributes, including its NOLs, against future taxable income in the event of a change in ownership. The use of tax losses incurred prior to a change in ownership may also be limited in Australia. We have not determined whether we have undergone a change in ownership for United States or Australian tax purposes, and it is possible that we may have undergone such a change previously or may undergo such a change as a result of future transactions in our stock (many of which are outside our control). If it is determined that we have previously experienced such an ownership change, or if we undergo one or more ownership changes as a result of future transactions, we may be unable to use all or a portion of our NOLs to offset our future taxable income in the United States or Australia. Any limitations on our ability to use our NOLs may cause income taxes to be paid earlier than otherwise would be paid if such limitations were not in effect and could cause such NOLs to expire unused, in each case, reducing or eliminating the benefit of such NOLs. This could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results.

If we are a passive foreign investment company, there could be adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders.

Generally, we will be a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes for any taxable year in which, after applying certain look-through rules with respect to the income and assets of our subsidiaries, either:

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(1) at least 75% of our gross income is “passive income” or (2) at least 50% of the average quarterly value of our total gross assets (which would generally be measured by fair market value of our assets) is attributable to assets that produce “passive income” or are held for the production of “passive income.” Passive income for this purpose generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents, gains from commodities and securities transactions and the excess of gains over losses from the disposition of assets which produce passive income.

Based on our current and anticipated operations and composition of our assets and income, we believe that we were not a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes for our tax year ended June 30, 2022, and that we should not be a PFIC for the current taxable year and currently do not expect to become a PFIC in the foreseeable future. However, the determination of PFIC status is a factual determination that must be made annually and cannot be made until the close of a taxable year. In particular, our PFIC status may be determined in large part based on the market price of the ADSs and ordinary shares. The market price of the ADSs and ordinary shares may fluctuate, and a significant decrease in the market price could cause us to be treated as a PFIC. Moreover, the determination of PFIC status depends, in part, on the application of complex U.S. federal income tax rules, which are subject to differing interpretations. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we would not be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future year.

If we were to be a PFIC, a U.S. holder would be subject to increased tax liability (generally including an interest charge on certain taxes treated as having been deferred under the PFIC rules) on any gain realized on a sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares and on the receipt of certain “excess distributions” received with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares, unless such U.S. holder makes certain elections. One such election, the “QEF Election,” will be unavailable to a U.S. holder because we do not intend to provide information that a U.S. holder would need to make a valid QEF Election.

U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of the PFIC rules to their ADSs or ordinary shares, and should see the discussion below under “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax and Australian Tax Considerations—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

If a U.S. person is treated as owning at least 10% of our ordinary shares, such holder may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

If a U.S. person is treated as owning, directly or indirectly, at least 10% of the value or voting power of our equity, such U.S. person would be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each “controlled foreign corporation” in our group, if any. Because our group currently includes one entity that is treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, all of our current non-U.S. subsidiaries and any future newly formed or acquired non-U.S. subsidiaries that are treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes will be treated as controlled foreign corporations, regardless of whether we are treated as a controlled foreign corporation. A United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation may be required to annually report and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income” and investments in U.S. property by controlled foreign corporations, regardless of whether we make any distributions on the ADSs or ordinary shares. An individual who is a United States shareholder with respect to a controlled foreign corporation generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a United States shareholder that is a U.S. corporation. Failure to comply with controlled foreign corporation reporting obligations may subject a United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties. We cannot provide any assurances that we will furnish to any United States shareholder information that may be necessary to comply with the reporting and tax paying obligations applicable under the controlled foreign corporation rules of the Internal Revenue Code. U.S. persons should consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to their investment in the ADSs.

Future changes to tax laws could materially adversely affect our company and reduce net returns to our shareholders.

Our tax treatment is subject to the enactment of, or changes in, tax laws, regulations and treaties, or the interpretation thereof, tax policy initiatives and reforms under consideration and the practices of tax authorities in jurisdictions in which

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we operate, including those related to the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project and other initiatives. Such changes may include (but are not limited to) the taxation of operating income, investment income, dividends received or (in specific context of withholding tax) dividends paid. We are unable to predict what tax reform may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on our business, but such changes, to the extent they are brought into tax legislation, regulations, policies or practices, could affect our financial position and overall or effective tax rates in the future in countries where we have operations, reduce post-tax returns to our shareholders, and increase the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance.

Item 4. Information on the Company

We were incorporated under the laws of Australia in 2012 under the name Graphitecorp Pty Limited. In 2015, we completed an initial public offering of our ordinary shares and the listing of our ordinary shares on the Australian Securities Exchange, or the ASX, and changed our name to GRAPHITECORP Limited. In 2017, we changed our name to NOVONIX Limited.

The principal place of business of NOVONIX Limited is located at Level 38, 71 Eagle Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia, and our registered office is located at Level 11, 66 Eagle Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia. Our telephone number is +1 423-298-1007. Our agent for service of process in the United States is National Registered Agents, Inc., located at 1209 Orange Street, Wilmington, DE 19801.

In June 2017, we acquired Battery Technology Solutions, Inc. (“BTS”). BTS was founded by researchers from the research group at Dalhousie University, formerly headed by Dr. Jeff Dahn. BTS aims to provide cutting edge battery R&D capabilities and technological advantage.

NOVONIX Anode Materials (formerly PUREgraphite LLC) was established in March 2017 as a joint venture to develop and commercialize ultra-high purity high performance graphite anode material for the lithium-ion battery market focused on electric vehicles, energy storage and specialty applications. In fiscal year 2019, we exercised our call option, pursuant to which we acquired all of our joint venture partner’s interest in NOVONIX Anode Materials and increased our ownership to 100%.

On July 28, 2021, we completed the purchase of an approximately 404,000 square-foot facility in Chattanooga, Tennessee, “Riverside” (locally referred to as “Big Blue”), the site planned for expansion of our anode materials production capacity. Additionally, NOVONIX Anode Material division has also initiated work on further expansion plans beyond Riverside. The team focused on plant design and engineering are beginning work on the 30,000 tonnes per annum ("tpa") (Phase 2) plant build-out including site selection, plant layout, engineering design and feasibility, which will involve working with private sector firms and multiple levels of government. For more information on our anode materials production, see "Item 4.B. Business Overview - NOVONIX Anode Materials Division."

Since the beginning of fiscal year 2020 and through the date of this report, we have incurred capital expenditures of approximately $153.2 million, primarily consisting of purchases of property, plant and equipment and capital leases in connection with the expansion of our business and development of our technologies. Capital expenditure commitments as of the end of fiscal 2022 but not recognized as liabilities were approximately $14.9 million. For more information on our capital expenditures, see "Item 5.B. Liquidity and Capital Resources," and "Item 8. Financial Statements."

The SEC maintains an Internet site at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Our website address is www.novonixgroup.com. The reference to our website is an inactive textual reference only and information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this annual report.

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NOVONIX is a leading battery technology company with operations in both Canada and the United States. NOVONIX provides advanced, high-performance materials, equipment, and services for the global lithium-ion battery industry with sales in more than 10 countries in North America, Asia and Europe. We develop materials and technologies to support longer-life and lower-cost batteries that are powering us towards a cleaner energy future and, we are a leading US-based supplier of synthetic graphite anode material with plans to scale to significant volumes. We currently operate two core businesses: NOVONIX Battery Technology Solutions (“BTS”) and NOVONIX Anode Materials ("NAM"). We also have a third reporting segment - Graphite Exploration and Mining – the business of which is currently under strategic review and is not presently considered by management as a core operating business. The Company's synergistic operating structure is integral to its current business development and future strategy.
 

Our mission is underpinned by an increasing emphasis on environmentally conscious battery technologies and is key to a sustainable future with prolific adoption of electric vehicles and grid energy storage systems. We are focused on the development of materials and technologies that support key ESG criteria in the field of battery materials and technologies, including: longer life batteries, higher energy efficiency, reduced chemical usage, reduced waste generation, and cleaner power inputs. Our vision is to accelerate adoption of battery technologies for a cleaner energy future. This is demonstrated by our values, which include integrity, respect, and collaboration that support social impact and embody NOVONIX’s approach to corporate responsibility.

NOVONIX is well-positioned to be an industry leader at the forefront of product innovation and intellectual property development in the battery materials and technology industry with a focus on supporting the onshoring of the battery supply chain. The Company has built a team of top talent with the experience to drive innovation company-wide and believes it has the next generation technology needed to support the rapidly growing electric vehicle and ESS markets in North America. NOVONIX is focused on scaling its production capacity of synthetic graphite to meet the growing demands of its customers, through increasing production capabilities at its facility in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and future expansions. Additionally, NOVONIX continues to focus on developing improved and sustainable technologies, pursuing strategic partnerships with leading international battery companies, and growing an intellectual property pipeline that will position the Company at the forefront of next-generation battery technology.

Throughout fiscal year 2022, NOVONIX continued to focus on the execution of its business strategy and growth initiatives. NOVONIX had net assets of $364.3 million including $207.1 million in cash and cash equivalents at June 30, 2022. The Company reported a statutory after-tax loss for the year ended June 30, 2022 of A$62.3 million. These financial results are in line with management expectations.

Our Growth Strategies

NOVONIX’s leadership is focused on the successful execution of its operational strategic roadmap with the objective of maximizing shareholder value through the generation of strong cash flow and the pursuit of profitable, high-growth opportunities. The Company’s key strategies include:



• Maintain technology leadership throughout the EV battery and energy storage supply chain. NOVONIX is committed to continuing to leverage its competitive advantage to expand its offerings and technological know-how into other advanced offerings including lithium-metal and beyond lithium-ion technology with a focus on localization of key elements of the supply chain.

• Execute on development of synthetic graphite production capacity with plan to expand to 150,000 tonnes per

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annum by 2030. The Company is on track to reaching annual production capacity of 10,000 tpa of synthetic graphite in 2023, with further plans to expand annual production capacity to 40,000 tpa in 2025 and 150,000 tpa in 2030.

• Commercialize our proprietary pipeline of advanced battery technologies. We are currently expanding opportunities to work with partners globally to commercialize our proprietary and patent pending cathode production process. Our broader battery technology pipeline contains a number of innovative materials and processes in advanced anodes, cathodes and electrolytes, as well as advanced capabilities and solutions for energy storage applications through our partnership with Emera Technologies Limited, that we continue to develop and believe will be critical to the growth of the clean energy economy.

• Invest in talent. NOVONIX continues to invest in its personnel through recruitment, training and development to ensure it attracts and retains the best talent in the industry which is critical to the growth of our business.

OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE AT A GLANCE
 

NOVONIX’s synergistic operating structure, as depicted below, is integral to the company’s current business development and future strategy.
 

NOVONIX continues to invest in intellectual property for key materials technologies, including anode and cathode materials, that we believe will enhance the performance of long-life EV and ESS applications. Our NOVONIX Battery Technology Solutions (BTS) division, based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, has a full cell pilot line and extensive cell testing capabilities, and works with tier-one customers across the battery value chain.

As part of our investment in intellectual property, we continue our collaboration with the group led by Dr. Mark Obrovac, a leading battery materials innovator, at Dalhousie University. Pursuant to the terms of the collaborative research agreement with Dalhousie University, NOVONIX exclusively owns all intellectual property developed within the group without any ongoing obligations to Dalhousie University.

Further enhancing the Company’s R&D talent, on July 1, 2021, Dr. Jeff Dahn, a renowned researcher in battery materials and processes, officially joined the NOVONIX team as Chief Scientific Advisor. Dr. Dahn has been active in the lithium-battery sector since the late 1970s and in 1996 was appointed as the NSERC/3M Canada Industrial Research Chair in Materials for Advanced Batteries at Dalhousie University, a position that he held until 2016. In 2016, Dahn began a research partnership with Tesla as the NSERC/Tesla Canada Industrial Research Chair. This partnership was recently renewed until 2026.

Dr. Dahn is a co-author on more than 750 peer reviewed papers and is an inventor on over 70 patents (issued and pending). His research has been recognized by numerous awards including a Governor General’s Innovation Award (2016) and the Gerhard Herzberg Gold Medal in Science and Engineering (2017), Canada’s top science prize. Dr. Dahn is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada and an Officer of the Order of Canada.

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Our NOVONIX Anode Materials division, located in Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA, manufactures high-performance synthetic graphite anode materials used to make lithium-ion batteries that power electric vehicles, personal electronics, medical devices, and energy storage units. The global demand for synthetic graphite for use in electric vehicles and energy storage systems is growing rapidly this decade, and NAM is focused on developing North American production capacity to address the significant control currently held by China over this key battery material. The Company plans to reach synthetic graphite production capacities of 10,000 tpa by 2023, with further targets of 40,000 tpa by 2025 and 150,000 tpa by 2030.
 

In September 2021, Phillips 66 made a USD$150 million investment in NOVONIX for approximately 16% of the Company. In January 2022, Phillips 66 and NOVONIX entered into a technology development agreement leveraging both parties’ expertise to collaborate on development and optimization of feedstock and anode processing with the goal of higher performance and lower carbon intensity materials. This partnership has been transformational in strengthening the Company’s balance sheet while enhancing the Company’s industry network across the value chain.

NOVONIX Battery Technology Solutions (BTS) Division

NOVONIX’s Battery Technology Solutions division focuses on innovative battery research and development, along with providing advanced battery testing equipment and services on a global scale. BTS provides front-line access across the battery value chain and allows the Group to continue to be an industry leader, delivering materials and technologies to support high-performance and cost-effective battery development. provides battery R&D services and manufactures what we believe to be the most accurate lithium-ion battery cell test equipment in the world. This equipment is now used by leading battery makers, researchers, and equipment manufacturers including Panasonic, CATL, LG Chemical, Samsung SDI, and SK Innovation and numerous consumer electronics and automotive OEMs. The BTS division significantly expanded R&D capabilities through direct investment in and through a long-term partnership agreement with Dalhousie University.
 

BTS' business consists of two core offerings:

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In fiscal year 2022, NOVONIX BTS continued strong revenue growth each quarter with expansion of hardware sales and R&D service offerings by adding and expanding key strategic accounts.



In August 2021, NOVONIX completed the expansion of its existing Halifax facility to approximately 22,000 square feet (from approximately 13,500 square feet). The Company also acquired a second, 35,000 square foot facility, in May 2021 which was renovated and moved into in January 2022 for use in its BTS division. This additional space will enable growth in revenue-based activities and, more importantly, cathode commercialization and new internal development work.



NOVONIX BTS has increased its investment in the intellectual property developed around cathode synthesis technology, which the Company believes could enable a substantial reduction in the cost of producing high energy density (high nickel-based) cathode materials. NOVONIX BTS has established a small-scale pilot line for the development of the technology and has filed two patent applications relating to this technology. Additionally, it expects to leverage NOVONIX BTS’ battery cell pilot line and cell testing capabilities to further expand the dedicated cathode development team and install larger-scale pilot synthesis capabilities to demonstrate the manufacturability of the technology along with the performance in industrial format lithium-ion cells.



NOVONIX continues to invest in the ESS market through its partnership with Emera Technologies, under which we are designing battery pack systems to support microgrids that will provide solar power directly to homes in North America. On June 6, 2022, NOVONIX and Emera Technologies announced the delivery of their first-of-its-kind, custom-designed microgrid battery prototype. The prototype was developed by NOVONIX to support Emera Technologies’ residential microgrid system, BlockEnergy™, which is operating in a residential pilot project south of Tampa, Florida. Emera Technologies is a Florida-based subsidiary of Emera Inc., which is a Nova Scotia-based power utility Company. This opportunity highlights the value of BTS in working with companies and industries across the battery value chain.



NOVONIX leverages patent pending Dry Particle Microgranulation (DPMG) to eliminate wastewater and use simpler metal inputs to reduce cathode manufacturing costs or improve yield in cathode manufacturing. NOVONIX’s cathode synthesis technology is well-positioned to become a part of supporting the expected significant growth in the cathode market for the lithium-ion battery industry. These single-crystal materials offer enhanced energy density and long life. NOVONIX’s synthesis technology could further improve the cost, performance, and sustainability of these materials, which would be targeted for use in electric vehicles and energy storage applications.



In March 2022, the Honourable Ginette Petitpas Taylor, Minister responsible of ACOA (Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency), announced a repayable contribution of C$1 million to BTS to purchase specialized equipment for its new 35,000 square foot Halifax facility, where NOVONIX will pilot its cost-effective and environmentally friendly method of cathode material production. The equipment is on track to hit our 10 tonnes per annum production milestone by the first quarter

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of fiscal 2023.



The capabilities of our commissioned, on-site analytical lab, coupled with the access to BTS’ pilot line and cell testing resources, allow the NOVONIX R&D team to efficiently work on the synthesis and analysis of new materials. The team has also opened engagement with multiple current commercial precursor and cathode suppliers to discuss the Company’s technology and current state of demonstration capability in terms of synthesizing capability and performance. In fiscal year 2022, NOVONIX also engaged with multiple established and potential lithium suppliers in material evaluation programs which build on the Company’s initiatives in cathode precursor as well as final cathode synthesis technology.



NOVONIX partnered with Next Generation Manufacturing Canada (NGen) in December 2021, announcing CAD$1.675 million in grant funding towards a nearly CAD$18 million investment in facilities, equipment and people. This facility and expanded capabilities are helping to build out a Canadian battery materials supply chain, limit the dependence on Asia for raw materials and technology, and capitalize on the growth created by increasing demand for electric vehicles and grid energy storage.



The Company is in the process of expanding the internal cathode development team and capabilities, while driving process development internally and collaboratively with Dr. Obrovac’s group at Dalhousie pursuing new intellectual property. The Company also works with multiple established lithium and metal suppliers in material evaluation programs, which build on the Company’s initiatives in cathode precursor as well as final cathode synthesis technology. NOVONIX is positioned to become a market leader in cathode synthesis technology as it pursues these development opportunities.

NOVONIX Anode Materials Division

The NOVONIX Anode Materials division advances the development and commercialisation of ultra-long-life, high-performance anode material for the lithium-ion battery market focused on electric vehicle and energy storage applications that demand long life and high performance.



In fiscal year 2022, NAM made significant progress towards expanding production capacity for battery-grade synthetic graphite material. NOVONIX closed on the purchase of a 400,000+ square-foot facility in Chattanooga, Tennessee, which we refer to as “Riverside,” the planned site for expansion to at least 10,000 tonnes per year of production capacity by 2023. In November 2021, U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer Granholm attended an inaugural celebration at Riverside as the keynote speaker.

Additionally, the NOVONIX Anode Materials division has initiated further expansion plans beyond Riverside. The team focused on plant design and engineering has begun to work on the 30,000 tpa (Phase 2) plant build-out, which includes site selection, plant layout, and engineering design.



NOVONIX continues to produce anode materials using the Generation 2 furnace system to support next steps in customer qualification programs. As of March 2022, NOVONIX Anode Materials completed all equipment installation for Generation

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2 furnace lines and associated equipment. The Company continues to work with two of the world’s largest battery manufacturers (SAMSUNG SDI and SANYO ELECTRIC, a subsidiary of PANASONIC Corporation), including providing updated information and samples to support ongoing requirements with plans to deliver mass production samples that will meet manufacturer specifications from our Generation 3 furnaces. Notably, the first two Generation 3 furnace systems were installed at Riverside and commissioning continues to progress on track to meet ongoing production targets. We continue sampling and testing engagements with other key battery and automotive manufacturers with expansion plans in North America.



Further advancing its mission of developing and supplying materials and technologies to support longer-life and lower-cost batteries that will enable a cleaner energy future, NOVONIX entered a Technology Development Agreement with Phillips 66 in January 2022 to cooperate on the development of new feedstocks and synthetic graphites with reduced carbon-intensive processing. Through the Company’s internal development and partnerships such as that with Phillips 66, NOVONIX is well positioned to bring a cleaner, local supply chain to meet North American demand for high-grade synthetic graphite.

In February 2022, NOVONIX entered into definitive transaction agreements with KORE Power, Inc. (“KORE Power”) to advance and strengthen the domestic lithium-ion battery supply chain. Through this partnership, NOVONIX will be the exclusive supplier of graphite anode material to KORE Power through a five-year supply agreement, with deliveries ramping up from 3,000 tonnes per annum beginning 2024 to 12,000 tonnes per annum in 2027. In addition, NOVONIX acquired an approximate 5% stake in KORE Power with USD$25 million consideration paid in a combination of 50% cash and 50% NVX shares.

In June 2022, the Company released the results of a Life Cycle Assessment (“LCA”) conducted by Minviro Ltd., a London-based, globally recognized sustainability and life cycle assessment consultancy. The LCA was conducted on one of the Company’s grades of graphite materials, GX-23. The results of this assessment showed an approximate 60% decrease in global warming potential compared to commercially manufactured anode grade synthetic graphite produced in China and an approximate 30% decrease in global warming potential compared to anode grade natural graphite also produced in China. The LCA results support the Company’s position as a leader in sustainability and cleaner energy across the automotive and energy storage sectors.

The global demand for high-performance anode materials continues to increase exponentially as the world grapples with increasing energy supply and demand imbalances, as demonstrated by the growing desire for a domestic localised battery supply chain. Further, NOVONIX is opportunistically positioned to benefit from potential government funding opportunities offered through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, Defense Production Act, and Department of Energy Loan Program Office, all of which aim to advance the domestic processing of critical materials. Companies are seeking partnerships with dependable and qualified suppliers who can accelerate execution and scale production of high-performance anode materials quickly within their domestic markets. The NOVONIX Anode Materials division is well-positioned to capitalize on international collaboration opportunities, having shown industry excellence in material production and a demonstrated track record of scalability.

Principal Markets

The principal markets in which our BTS division competes are North America, Asia and Europe through the sale of battery testing equipment and related consulting services. BTS customers are primarily battery manufacturers and developers, including specialty materials manufacturers, consumer electronics OEMs and automotive OEMs, primarily across the lithium-ion battery value chain. Revenues from equipment sales during fiscal 2022, 2021 and 2020 were

A$8.4 million, A$5.2 million, and A$4.3 million, respectively.

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In fiscal 2022, North America, Asia and Europe accounted for 79%, 17% and 4% of revenues, respectively. In fiscal 2021, North America, Asia and Europe accounted for 82%, 8% and 10% of revenues, respectively. In fiscal 2020, North America, Asia and Europe accounted for 77%, 13% and 10% of revenues, respectively.

To date, our NAM division has not generated any revenue from the sale of synthetic graphite. If our commercialization efforts for our synthetic graphite product are successful, we may generate revenue from the sale of our synthetic graphite materials primarily in North America primarily to customers in the EV and grid storage industries.

Sales and Marketing

We market and sell our BTS battery testing equipment and related consulting services through a combination of direct contact with customers' research and development experts and third-party distributors who specialize in battery testing technologies and sell to automotive and electronics OEMs, battery developers and manufacturers, and research institutions. As we develop and commercialize our synthetic graphite anode materials business, we market our battery materials through the direct engagement of a combination of our corporate, R&D and operations leadership teams.

Raw Materials

Raw materials for our BTS business are comprised of various equipment and other components from a wide range of third-party suppliers. As we expand our anode materials manufacturing capabilities, we will begin to rely on third-party suppliers for components and materials. See “Risk Factors—We may not be able to establish supply relationships for necessary components or may be required to pay costs for components that are more expensive than anticipated, which could delay the introduction of our equipment and negatively impact our business.”

Seasonality

We have not been subject to any seasonality in our continuing operations in any material respect.

Our Competitive Strengths

We develop and supply what we believe is the most accurate battery testing technology in the world. Our Ultra-High Precision Coulometry technology for short term reliable evaluation of the cycle life of lithium-ion cells was developed in the laboratory at Dalhousie University by Dr. Jeff Dahn, who joined our team as Chief Scientific Advisor on July 1, 2021. Our CEO, Dr. Chris Burns, was a team lead of that laboratory. This testing technology delivers high accuracy, high precision measurements that are reliable and repeatable, with the potential to allow cycle life evaluation to be made in weeks instead of years. We believe our Ultra-High Precision Coulometry technology provides significantly higher grading measurements than our competitors, enabling us to support the most urgent and innovative performance cell testing projects and is used by industry leaders across the battery sector.

Our proprietary process technology and capabilities across the battery and energy storage value chain drive innovation and commercial opportunities. By playing a critical role across the full value chain, our proprietary testing and development technologies provides us with in-depth visibility into industry and technological trends ranging from materials to end use cases and requirements. We believe that this access should allow us to remain at the forefront of lithium-battery technology. As the broader battery and energy storage industry continues to evolve, we are committed to continuing to expand into new and emerging technologies beyond lithium-ion.

A leading U.S.-based supplier of battery-grade synthetic graphite anode material, with capacity scaling as market demand grows. Our NOVONIX Anode Materials business is well-positioned to help alleviate this problem as U.S. and non-U.S. companies seek to diversify their suppliers of battery materials with the goal of sourcing material within the U.S. We are a leading US-based supplier with plans to scale significant domestic volumes of battery-grade synthetic graphite anode

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material. To our knowledge, we are the only qualified U.S.-based supplier of battery-grade synthetic graphite anode material with a scalable and contractor-qualified product currently in production.

Our anode materials have longer cycle life coupled with lower costs. NOVONIX Anode Materials’ premium graphite showcases higher Coulombic Efficiency as well as capacity retention compared to industry leading materials in head-to-head comparisons (including a tier 1 automotive OEM cell used as a reference benchmark). We believe NOVONIX’s materials have the highest purity in the market as they contain essentially no contaminants, enhancing safety as well as performance. We believe NOVONIX Anode Materials’ process is also a “greener” alternative as it utilizes several lower emission energy sources and no chemical purification, avoiding the environmental and safety risks of such processes. The strength of NOVONIX Anode Materials’ products are evidenced by our ongoing product development collaboration with each of Samsung SDI and SANYO Electric, and our supply agreement with KORE Power, for our anode materials. Our mission is to be a leader with high performance, longer life, lower costs, and “greener” materials.

Our offerings are directly compatible with today’s installed and planned battery manufacturing technology. NOVONIX Anode Materials provides proven technology that can be integrated into current cell designs with no material additional costs to cell manufacturers. A very limited number of suppliers are established outside of Asia, which could lead to lack of localized supply options. The plug and play characteristic along with superior material performance and competitive pricing is expected to drive continued industry adoption of our offerings.

Our research and development team consists of renowned battery technology researchers including Dr. Jeff Dahn and Dr. Mark Obrovac. Dr. Jeff Dahn, who joined our team as Chief Scientific Advisor on July 1, 2021, is a leading researcher in the field of lithium-ion batteries and materials. Dr. Dahn is a named inventor on over 70 patents and patent applications. Dr. Mark Obrovac is another renowned researcher in battery materials and process technology, a NOVONIX sponsored researcher, and the head of the Obrovac Research Group at Dalhousie University. With the support of leading innovative battery technology researchers, we believe NOVONIX is well-positioned to remain at the forefront of battery technology.

We are partnering with industry leading companies. To further the development and production of advanced anode materials, we are partnering with Harper International, a global leader in complete thermal processing solutions and technical services for the production of advanced materials, to develop proprietary next-generation furnace technology. We expect that partnering with Emera Technologies to design battery pack systems to support microgrids will further drive our technology development within the energy storage industry. These arrangements demonstrate that industry leaders have identified NOVONIX as a strategic partner for continued innovation.

We were selected to receive support from the U.S. Government. In January 2021, we were selected to receive a US$5.58 million grant from the U.S. Department of Energy. We believe that this grant demonstrates the commitment by the U.S. Government to support the establishment of domestic supply of high-performance battery materials, while highlighting the expertise, progress, strategic partnerships, and technology NOVONIX has developed.

Competition

The battery materials market consists of a large number of small suppliers (of which we form part of that market), a smaller number of large volume suppliers and a small number of large dominating buyers. As the market is continuously growing, we face the risk that one or more competitors, or a new entrants to the market, will increase their competitive position through aggressive marketing campaigns, product innovation, price discounting, acquisitions or advances in technology. While we strive to remain competitive by way of continuing to develop our products, technologies and associated intellectual property licenses and maintaining competitive pricing. In the event we are unable to adapt to changing market pressures or customer demands, and keep pace with technological change relative to our competitors, or we are forced to reduce pricing in response to competition, our revenue and profit margins could be affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and cash flows, financial condition and results of our operations.

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Although, to our knowledge, we are the only qualified U.S.-based supplier of battery-grade synthetic graphite anode material, there are four categories of companies that could be considered potential competition. The first are established synthetic graphite manufacturing companies outside the United States, predominantly in Asia. While these companies do have established manufacturing capacity, they suffer from a geopolitical disadvantage not being located in the United States, and also suffer from higher energy costs. The second category of potential competition are natural graphite mining companies. Natural graphite provides historically cheaper pricing to synthetic, however natural graphite significantly underperforms relative to synthetic graphite in battery testing as well as have potential environmental concerns regarding mining practices. The third potential category of competition are existing graphitization companies in the United States. While these companies have significant furnace operations, we believe there are no other graphitization companies that have developed an economic process to manufacture battery grade synthetic graphite, and are yet to achieve commercial qualification with a tier-1 battery manufacturer. The fourth and final category of competition are companies developing disruptive technologies such as silicon anodes and solid state batteries. There are significant marketing materials available to demonstrate the promise of these potential disruptive technologies, but we are unaware of any technology that has a path to develop, a cost competitive product in the foreseeable future that will meet the increasing lifetime requirements for electronic vehicles and energy storage solutions markets and thus be able to capture more than a niche portion of the battery market.

Intellectual Property

As of June 30, 2022, we have rights to one issued patent and seven active patent applications. Our oldest patent application was filed with a priority date in 2015.

The actual protection afforded by a patent varies in each country and is dependent on the type of patent, the scope of its coverage as determined by the patent office or courts in that country, and the availability of legal remedies in the country. The information in the above list is based on our current assessment of patents that we own or control or have exclusively licensed. The information is subject to revision, for example, in the event of changes in the law or legal rulings affecting our patents or if we become aware of new information.

Patents expire, on a country by country basis, at various times depending on various factors, including the filing date of the corresponding patent application(s), the availability of patent term adjustment, patent term extension and supplemental protection certificates and requirements for terminal disclaimers. In most countries, including Australia and the United States, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest claimed filing date of a non-provisional patent application or its foreign equivalent in the applicable country. In the United States, a patent’s term can be lengthened in certain cases by a patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the USPTO in examining and granting a patent, or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over a commonly owned patent or a patent naming a common inventor and having an earlier expiration date.

We may not be able to develop patentable products or processes or obtain patents from pending patent applications. In the event of patent issuance, the patents may not be entirely sufficient to protect the proprietary technology owned by or licensed to us or our partners. Our current patents, or patents that issue on pending applications, may be challenged, invalidated, infringed or circumvented. In addition, changes to patent laws in the United States or in other countries may limit our ability to defend or enforce our patents, or may apply retroactively to affect the term and/or scope of our patents. Our patents may be challenged by third parties in post-issuance administrative proceedings or in litigation as invalid, not infringed or unenforceable under U.S., U.K, Australian or other foreign laws, or they may be infringed by third parties. As a result, we are or may be from time to time involved in the defense and enforcement of our patent or other intellectual property rights in a court of law and administrative tribunals, such as in USPTO inter partes review or reexamination proceedings, foreign opposition proceedings or related legal and administrative proceedings in the United States and elsewhere. The costs of defending our patents or enforcing our proprietary rights in post-issuance administrative proceedings or litigation may be substantial and the outcome can be uncertain. An adverse outcome may allow third parties to use our proprietary technologies without a license from us.

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Furthermore, we rely upon trade secrets and know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect our proprietary information, in part, by using confidentiality and invention assignment agreements with commercial partners, collaborators, employees and consultants. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information and, in the case of the invention assignment agreements, to grant it ownership of technologies that are developed through a relationship with a third party. These agreements may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. To the extent that our commercial partners, collaborators, employees and consultants use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

Our commercial success will also depend in part on not infringing upon the proprietary rights of third parties. It is uncertain whether the issuance of any third-party patent would require us to alter its development or commercial strategies for our product candidates or processes, or to obtain licenses or cease certain activities. Our breach of any license agreements or failure to obtain a license to proprietary rights that it may require to develop or commercialize its future products may have an adverse impact on us. If third parties prepare and file patent applications in the United States that also claim technology to which we have rights, we may have to participate in interference or derivation proceedings in the USPTO to determine priority of invention.

We currently rely on our unregistered trademarks, trade names and service marks, as well as our domain names and logos, as appropriate, to market our brands and to build and maintain brand recognition.

Regulation

Our business is subject to regulation in a number of areas. Changes in government, monetary policies and laws and regulations, among other things, can have a significant impact on our assets, operations, financial performance and, ultimately, the value of our company and our ordinary shares. Changes may occur in the U.S., Canada, Australia or any other country in which we operate, or subsequently start to operate. Such changes are likely to be beyond our control and may affect the industries in which we operate generally, our company in particular, or both. Non-compliance with changing laws and regulations may expose the company to legal risk via investigations or litigious proceedings from regulators, counterparties or consumers. This section sets forth a summary of the principal laws and regulations relevant to our business.

Corporations Act and ASX Listing Rules

As a company incorporated in Australia, we remain subject to the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), or Corporations Act, and we are regulated by both the Australian Securities and Investments Commission, or ASIC, the country’s corporate regulator, and the Australian Securities Exchange, or ASX, as an entity listed on that exchange. Accordingly, we must comply with all Corporations Act requirements and the Listing Rules maintained by ASX. Changes to these rules and requirements may have an impact on our assets, operations, financial performance, value or other matters. Breaches of these rules and regulations may give rise to regulatory action from ASIC or ASX or litigious proceedings initiated by other stakeholders.

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The FCPA prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, or authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with accounting provisions requiring us to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations.

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Environmental, Health and Safety

Our facilities and operations are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety (“EHS”) laws and regulations which require significant capital investment on an ongoing basis and could give rise to unforeseen liability, including as a result of a governmental enforcement action or obligations to remediate contaminated sites, including third-party contaminated sites where we have sent waste for treatment or disposal. EHS laws or their enforcement may become more stringent over time which could increase our operating costs and subject us to additional liabilities.

See "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Regulatory Matters.”

Environmental Sustainability

We believe that an increasing emphasis on environmentally conscious battery technologies is key to a sustainable future with prolific adoption of electric vehicles and grid energy storage systems. Many current manufacturing methods for key battery materials are energy intensive, wasteful or, in other ways, hazardous to the environment and end users and OEMs are showing desire to source materials from cleaner technologies. We are focused on the development of technologies that support key ESG criteria in the field of battery materials and technologies:

The chart below contains a summary of our organizational structure and sets out our subsidiaries and associated companies as of June 30, 2022.

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We maintain facilities in Chattanooga, Tennessee and Bedford, Nova Scotia, and hold interests in the MDG Project in Queensland, Australia.

Chattanooga, Tennessee

As of May 1, 2021, we lease property with an area of approximately 120,000 square feet. We acquired an additional property with an area of approximately 404,000 square feet in late July 2021. These properties are used in connection with our NOVONIX Anode Materials business.

Halifax, Nova Scotia

We own a property with an area of approximately 22,000 square feet. We also acquired a property with an area of approximately 35,000 square feet in May 2021. These properties are used in connection with our BTS business.

Australia

We hold interests in the MDG Project, a high-grade (18%+) natural graphite deposit located in Australia, which potentially provides us with access to a natural graphite resource, if desirable in the future. Despite the favorable prospects of the MDG Project, NOVONIX had previously put any exploration and development of the MDG Project on hold. In the June 2021 quarter, management initiated a strategic review of the Mt. Dromedary high-grade graphite deposit asset in response to continued sector momentum to evaluate options for furthering exploration and development of the MDG Project.

We continue to hold the MDG Project in good standing while monitoring the state of the global natural graphite market and may advance the MDG Project should the right market conditions or potential strategic transaction emerge.

We believe our facilities in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Bedford, Nova Scotia, are adequate and suitable for our current and anticipated needs and that, should it be needed, suitable additional or alternative space will be available to accommodate our operations.

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As of June 30, 2022, the net book values of tangible fixed assets were as follows:

Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon and should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and their related notes included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Certain information included in this discussion and analysis includes forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties, and which may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. For further information on important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from the results described in the forward-looking statements contained in this discussion and analysis, see “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Item 3D. Risk Factors.”

Overview

NOVONIX provides battery materials and development technology for leading battery manufacturers, materials companies, automotive original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and consumer electronics manufacturers at the forefront of the global electrification economy. Our core mission is to accelerate the continued advancement and scaling of electric vehicle batteries and energy storage solutions through our advanced, proprietary technologies that deliver longer cycle life batteries at lower costs. Through our in-house technology and capabilities, as well as our front-line access to industry trends, we intend to be an industry leader, delivering what we believe to be the most advanced high performance and cost-effective battery and energy storage technologies for our customers.

We currently operate three core businesses: NOVONIX Battery Technology Solutions (“BTS”), NOVONIX Anode Materials (previously known as PUREgraphite). We also have a third reporting segment - Graphite Exploration and Mining.- the business of which is currently under strategic review and is not presently considered by management as a core operating business.

BTS provides industry leading battery testing technology and research and development (“R&D”) services to create next generation batteries. BTS also serves as the pillar of innovation across the NOVONIX ecosystem by creating a positive feedback loop with our NOVONIX Anode and Cathode Materials business through the development of applications and strategic partnerships. This collaboration drives our continuous technological innovation and enables us to deliver best-in-class products and services for customers.

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NOVONIX Anode Materials was established with the objective of commercializing what we believe is the most advanced and cost-effective anode material in the market for electric vehicles and energy storage applications. These end-markets continue to demand high performance batteries with longer life cycle, while at the same time requiring lower costs to continue to drive mass adoption. Anode materials are one of the most significant components that define the overall performance, reliability, and cycle life of the battery cell. To our knowledge, we are the only qualified U.S.-based producer of battery-grade synthetic graphite anode material and believe NOVONIX Anode Materials is well positioned to support the rapid growth in demand for these advanced anode materials in North America and globally.

Graphite Exploration and Mining, or the MDG Project, holds interests in a natural, high-grade graphite deposit in Queensland, Australia. NOVONIX had previously put any exploration and development of the MDG Project on hold while it conducts a strategic review of the graphite deposit asset in response to continued sector momentum to evaluate options for furthering exploration and development of the MDG Project.

NOVONIX Battery Technology Solutions Overview

BTS was founded by researchers from the research group at Dalhousie University, formerly headed by Dr. Jeff Dahn, in 2013, and the Company acquired BTS in June 2017. BTS aims to provide cutting edge battery R&D capabilities and technological advantage.

BTS is based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and makes what we believe to be the most accurate lithium-ion battery cell test equipment in the world. This equipment is now used by leading battery makers and researchers and equipment manufacturers, including Panasonic, CATL, LG Chemical, Samsung SDI and numerous specialty materials, consumer electronics OEMs and automotive OEMs.

Since we acquired the business, we have significantly expanded BTS’ R&D capabilities through direct investments and our long-term collaborative research agreement with Dalhousie University. BTS now has an established team of leading scientists with an internal battery cell pilot line to prototype and evaluate new materials and cell designs, and extensive battery testing capability, including our proprietary Ultra-High Precision Charger systems.

In fiscal year 2022, BTS’ revenues from contracts with customers grew by 61%, compared to fiscal year 2021, due to an increase in sales in the battery hardware division of the business.

We recently expanded our property used in connection with our BTS business to approximately 22,000 square feet (from approximately 13,500 square feet). We also acquired a property with an area of approximately 35,000 square feet in May 2021 for use in our BTS business.

BTS is increasing investment in the intellectual property developed around cathode synthesis technologies that we believe could enable a substantial reduction in the cost of producing high energy density (high-nickel based) cathode materials. We have filed two patent applications which are actively in process around this technology and established a small-scale pilot line for development of the technology.

BTS expects to leverage its battery cell pilot line and cell testing capabilities to further expand the dedicated cathode development team and install larger scale pilot synthesis capabilities in order to demonstrate the manufacturability of the technology along with the performance in industrial format lithium-ion cells.

NOVONIX Anode Materials Overview

NOVONIX Anode Materials (formerly PUREgraphite LLC) was established in March 2017 as a joint venture to develop and commercialize ultra-high purity high performance graphite anode material for the lithium-ion battery market focused on electric vehicles, energy storage and specialty applications. In fiscal year 2019, we exercised our call option, pursuant to

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which we acquired all of our joint venture partner’s interest in NOVONIX Anode Materials and increased our ownership to 100%.

NOVONIX Anode Materials exclusively owns all graphite-related intellectual property of its former joint venture partner and has the ongoing exclusivity of its CEO for the development of graphite products and battery anode materials using that technology.

This intellectual property includes innovative high-performance graphite anode materials (demonstrated in internal testing to outperform leading materials currently in the market) and production methods that we expect to deliver production costs significantly lower than existing producers.

In July 2021, we completed the purchase of an approximately 404,000 square-foot facility in Chattanooga, Tennessee, “Riverside” (locally referred to as “Big Blue”).

Graphite Exploration and Mining (MDG Project) Overview

The MDG Project is a high-grade (18%+) natural graphite deposit located in an established mining region in Queensland, Australia, which potentially provides us with access to a natural graphite resource, if desirable in the future. Despite the favorable prospects of this project, NOVONIX had previously put any exploration and development of the MDG Project on hold. In the June 2021 quarter, management initiated a strategic review of the Mt. Dromedary high-grade graphite deposit asset in response to continued sector momentum to evaluate options for furthering exploration and development of the MDG Project.

We continue to hold the MDG Project in good standing while monitoring the state of the global natural graphite market and may advance the MDG Project should the right market conditions or potential strategic transaction emerge.

Overview of Financials

The Group has incurred operating losses since 2013. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will be dependent on our ability to begin significant production and commercialization of NOVONIX Anode Materials business’ synthetic graphite product. Accordingly, we expect to continue to incur significant expenses as we continue to scale production of our synthetic graphite product, the majority of which will be associated with planned production equipment spend. We expect to incur significant additional costs associated with operating as a public company in the United States, including additional legal, accounting, investor relations, compliance and other expenses.

As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until such time, if ever, as we can generate sufficient revenue from synthetic graphite sales, we expect to finance our operations through the issue of equity, debt financings, or other capital sources, which may include collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions as well as U.S. government financing support and tax incentives. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development and commercialization of our synthetic graphite product. See “Risk Factors—We may need to obtain funding from time to time to finance our growth and operations, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise capital when needed, we may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate certain operations, and we mcriay be unable to adequately control their costs.”

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the commercialization of battery-grade materials, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may never become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned

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levels and be forced to scale back or discontinue our operations. See “Risk Factors—We have a history of financial losses and expect to incur significant expenses and continuing losses in the near future.”

As of June 30, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of A$207,083,935 (US$142,624,919). The Company plans to reach synthetic graphite production capacities of 10,000 tpa by 2023, with further targets of 40,000 tpa by 2025 and 150,000 tpa by 2030. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will help support capacity expansion towards 10,000 tpa, which is expected to be completed in 2023. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available capital resources sooner than we expect. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Components of Our Results of Operations

Segment Information

Our segments consist of , Battery Technology (BTS), Battery Materials (NOVONIX Anode Materials) and Graphite and Mining Exploration. In order to comply with the requirement to discuss significant components of revenue and expenses, and to enable investors to understand the consolidated amounts, where applicable we have provided a discussion along segmental lines. As a result, the discussion and analysis of segments is integrated with the discussion of the consolidated amounts to avoid confusion and duplication of disclosure.

Revenue from Contracts with Customers

NOVONIX Battery Technology Solutions

Revenue from contracts with customers is contributed through two primary BTS business lines: 1) hardware sales and 2) consulting services. Our customers include leading battery makers and researchers and equipment manufacturers, including Panasonic, CATL, LG Chemical, Samsung SDI and numerous specialty materials, consumer electronics OEMs and automotive OEMs.

When we sell battery testing equipment, we enter into a contract with our customers covering the price, specifications, delivery dates and warranty for the products being purchased, among other things. Our contractual delivery periods vary, but are typically about three months. Contracts for battery testing equipment can range in value based on the amount of equipment provided and the duration of the contract. Revenue from the sales of BTS hardware is recognized at the point in time when the hardware is delivered, the legal title has passed and the customer has accepted the hardware.

The consulting services division provides battery cell design, testing, implementation and support services under fixed and variable price contracts. Contracts for services can range in value based on the duration and scope of the engagement. Revenue from providing services is recognized over-time in the reporting period in which the services are rendered. For fixed-price contracts, revenue is recognized based on the actual service provided to the end of the reporting period based on the resources allocated, costs incurred and actual labor hours spent within the billing period.

Where the contracts include multiple performance obligations, we allocate revenue based on the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the stand-alone selling price for that obligation. Where these performance obligations are not directly observable, they are estimated based on expected cost plus margin.

Our BTS revenue is affected by changes in the price, volume and mix of products and services purchased by BTS’ customers. The price and volume of our products is driven by the demand for our products, changes in product mix between equipment and services, geographic mix of our customers, and strength of competitors’ product offerings.

NOVONIX Anode Materials

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As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, we have not generated any revenue from sale of synthetic graphite. If our commercialization efforts for our synthetic graphite product are successful, we may generate revenue from the sale of our synthetic graphite materials. In addition, if we enter into additional collaboration, partnership or license agreements with third parties, we may generate revenue in the future from payments from such collaboration or license agreements or a combination of product sales and those payments.

Graphite Exploration and Mining

As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, we have not generated any revenue from sale of natural graphite. We do not expect any revenue from our interests in the MDG Project in the near future. However, in the June 2021 quarter, management initiated a strategic review of the Mt. Dromedary high-grade graphite deposit asset in response to continued sector momentum to evaluate options for furthering exploration and development of the MDG Project. This strategic review remains ongoing as of the date of this report.

Other Income

Other income is primarily comprised of interest income and grant revenue. Interest income is recognized as interest accrues using the effective interest method. This is a method of calculating the amortized cost of a financial asset and allocating the interest income over the relevant period using the effective interest rate, which is the rate that discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to the net carrying amount of the financial asset. Grants from government bodies are recognized at their fair value where there is a reasonable assurance that the grant will be received and that we are able to comply with all conditions for receipt of the grant. Other income also includes gains on revaluation of previously held equity method investments, which can be recognized when we obtain control over the equity method investee.

Cost of Goods and Services

Cost of goods and services consists of product costs, including purchased materials and components, as well as costs related to shipping, which, as at the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, have been in connection with our BTS business only. Our product costs are affected by the underlying cost of raw materials and component costs.

Administrative and Other Expenses

Administrative and other expenses consist primarily of travel expenses, facilities costs, audit, legal, tax, insurance, information technology and other costs.

We expect to incur additional audit, tax, accounting, legal and other costs related to compliance with applicable securities and other regulations, as well as additional insurance, investor relations and other costs associated with being a public company in the United States. In addition, if we cease to qualify as a foreign private issuer in the future, we would expect that we would incur additional expenses as a domestic reporting company in the United States. The costs associated with the Nasdaq listing totaled $5,830,698, of which $2,175,347 were capitalized as deferred issuance costs on the consolidated balance sheet as at June 30, 2021 and have been expensed in the current reporting period following a change in the Company’s plans with respect to our contemplated activities in the U.S. capital markets . See “Risk Factors—We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional cost and expense.”

Borrowing Costs

Borrowing costs are recognized in the profit or loss statement in the reporting period in which they are incurred.

Borrowing costs consist primarily of interest accrued on loan notes and borrowings, loss on redemption of loan notes and unwinding of fair value gains.

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Impairment Losses

At the end of each reporting period, the Group assesses whether there is any indication that an asset may be impaired. The assessment includes the consideration of external and internal sources of information, including dividends received from subsidiaries, associates or joint ventures deemed to be out of pre-acquisition profits. If such an indication exists, an impairment test is carried out on the asset by comparing the recoverable amount of the asset, being the higher of the asset’s fair value less costs of disposal and value in use, to the asset’s carrying amount. Any excess of the assets carrying amount over its recoverable amount is recognized immediately in profit or loss, unless the asset is carried at a revalued amount in accordance with another accounting standard. Any impairment loss of a revalued asset is treated as a revaluation decrease in accordance with that other accounting standard.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses

Depreciation expense consists of costs associated with property, plant and equipment (“PP&E”) which are depreciated over their expected useful lives. We expect that as we increase both our revenues and the number of our general and administrative personnel, we will invest in additional PP&E to support our growth resulting in additional depreciation expense.

Amortization expense consists of costs associated with technology intangible assets other than goodwill, which are amortized over their expected useful lives.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs primarily represent the Group’s investment in research and development activities for the Single Crystal Cathode (SCC) project. At present, our research and development activities are conducted through our two core businesses: BTS and NOVONIX Anode Materials; SCC falls under BTS R&D.

Share Based Compensation

Equity-settled share-based compensation benefits are provided to directors and employees. Equity-settled transactions are awards of shares, options or performance rights over shares, that are provided to directors and employees in exchange for the rendering of services.

The Group measures the cost of equity settled transactions with employees by reference to the fair value of the equity instruments at the date at which they are granted. The fair value is determined by using either a binomial or Monte Carlo option pricing model taking into account the terms and conditions upon which the instruments were granted. The accounting estimates and assumptions, including share price volatility, interest rates and vesting periods would have no impact on the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next annual reporting period but may impact the profit or loss and equity.

The cost of equity-settled transactions are recognized as an expense with a corresponding increase in equity over the vesting period. The cumulative charge to profit or loss is calculated based on the grant date fair value of the award, the best estimate of the number of awards that are likely to vest and the expired portion of the vesting period. The amount recognized in profit or loss for the reporting period is the cumulative amount calculated at each reporting date less amounts already recognized in previous reporting periods.

Share-based payment expenses are recognized over the period during which the employee provides the relevant services. This period may commence prior to the formal grant date, such as where the granting of options or performance rights are subject to shareholder approval. In this situation, the entity estimates the grant date fair value of the equity instruments for the purposes of recognizing an expense for the services received during the period between service commencement date and grant date. Once the grant date has been established, the fair value of the equity instrument is

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calculated, and the earlier estimate is revised so that the amount recognized for services received is ultimately based on the grant date fair value of the equity instruments. Where there is a difference between the estimated grant date fair value and the actual grant date fair value, adjusting entries are recognized in share-based payment expense and the share-based payment reserve.

Employee Benefits Expense

Employee benefits expenses consists of fixed annual remuneration, short term incentives and long-term incentives. Employees receive their fixed annual remuneration as cash. Short term incentives are payable on achievement of mutually agreed KPIs each fiscal year with short term incentives being payable in either cash or by way of the issue of fully paid ordinary shares. The Company has historically paid short term incentives as cash.

At the Board’s discretion, employees are invited to participate in the Long-Term Incentive Program which comprises one-off grants of options and/or performance rights, with varying vesting conditions.

Foreign Currency Gain (Loss)

Foreign currency gain (loss) results from a change in exchange rates between our functional currency and the currency in which a foreign currency transaction is denominated.

Income Tax Benefit

The income tax expense or benefit for the reporting period is the tax payable on that period’s taxable income based on the applicable income tax rate for each jurisdiction, adjusted by the changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities attributable to temporary differences, unused tax losses and the adjustment recognized for prior reporting periods, where applicable.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for temporary differences at the tax rates expected to be applied when the assets are recovered or liabilities are settled, based on those tax rates that are enacted or substantively enacted, except for:

Deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and unused tax losses only if it is probable that future taxable amounts will be available to utilize those temporary differences and losses.

The carrying amount of recognized and unrecognized deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date. Deferred tax assets recognized are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that future taxable profits will be available for the carrying amount to be recovered. Previously unrecognized deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent that it is probable that there are future taxable profits available to recover the asset.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset only where there is a legally enforceable right to offset current tax assets against current tax liabilities and deferred tax assets against deferred tax liabilities; and they relate to the same taxable authority on either the same taxable entity or different taxable entities which intend to settle simultaneously.

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Results of Operations for the Fiscal Years Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated statements of profit or loss and other comprehensive income for the periods presented (in Australian dollars).